Neuroanatomy has been deemed crucial for clinical neurosciences. It has been one of the most challenging parts of the anatomical curriculum and is one of the causes of “neurophobia,” whose main implication is a negative influence on the choice of neurology in the near future. In the last decades, several educational strategies have been identified to improve the skills of students and to promote a deep learning. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to identify the most effective method/s to teach human neuroanatomy. The search was restricted to publications written in English language and to articles describing teaching tools in undergraduate medical courses from January 2006 through December 2017. The primary outcome was the observation of improvement of anatomical knowledge in undergraduate medical students. Secondary outcomes were the amelioration of long‐term retention knowledge and the grade of satisfaction of students. Among 18 selected studies, 44.4% have used three‐dimensional (3D) teaching tools, 16.6% near peer teaching tool, 5.55% flipped classroom tool, 5.55% applied neuroanatomy elective course, 5.55% equivalence‐based instruction‐rote learning, 5.55% mobile augmented reality, 5.55% inquiry‐based clinical case, 5.55% cadaver dissection, and 5.55% Twitter. The high in‐between study heterogeneity was the main issue to identify the most helpful teaching tool to improve neuroanatomical knowledge among medical students. Data from this study suggest that a combination of multiple pedagogical resources seems to be the more advantageous for teaching neuroanatomy.

中文翻译：

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神经解剖学，医学生的致命弱点。神经解剖学教学教育策略的系统分析。

神经解剖学被认为对临床神经科学至关重要。它一直是解剖学课程中最具挑战性的部分之一，也是“神经恐惧症”的原因之一，其主要含义是在不久的将来对神经病学的选择产生负面影响。在过去的几十年里，已经确定了几种教育策略来提高学生的技能并促进深度学习。本研究的目的是系统地回顾文献，以确定教授人类神经解剖学的最有效方法。搜索仅限于用英语撰写的出版物和描述 2006 年 1 月至 2017 年 12 月本科医学课程教学工具的文章。主要结果是观察本科医学生解剖学知识的提高。次要结果是长期保留知识的改善和学生的满意度。在入选的 18 项研究中，44.4% 使用了三维 (3D) 教学工具，16.6% 使用近乎同伴教学工具，5.55% 翻转课堂工具，5.55% 应用神经解剖学选修课，5.55% 等价教学-死记硬背，5.55%移动增强现实，5.55% 基于查询的临床病例，5.55% 尸体解剖和 5.55% Twitter。研究之间的高度异质性是确定最有用的教学工具以提高医学生神经解剖学知识的主要问题。这项研究的数据表明，多种教学资源的组合似乎更有利于神经解剖学的教学。