Electrospinning is a highly versatile technology to process polymers or related materials into fibrous materials with diameters ranging from micrometer to nanometer scale. In the early years, the electrospun materials were mainly polymers and the morphologies were mainly fibers. Considerable progress has been achieved in the preceding two decades, which include electrospinning of metals, metal oxides, carbon species and organic/inorganic composites, and generating more morphologies beyond fibers such as beads, tubes and even hierarchical structures. In addition, a myriad of promising applications have been explored, mainly including biological, energy, catalysis, environment and mechanical enhancement, more than half focused on biological applications.

Electrospun nanomaterials can be designed to mimic the structural features of an extracellular matrix for cell growth and nutrients transport. Such materials may be designed to enhance aesthetic wound healing, owing to the ability to absorb excess exudates, maintain a moist microenvironment to enhance epithelial regrowth, and offer painless to removal. Electrospun nanomaterials encapsulated or with attached bioactive molecules and drugs are regarded as suitable candidates for delivery applications. They may also be utilized in medical diagnosis to enhance the specificity, sensitivity and signaling capabilities due to the high porosity and large surface area. In addition, electrospun nanomaterials can be assembled into a variety of fascinating biomimic structures and functions. All these attributes make electrospinning a powerful tool for fabricating bio-functional nanomaterials for a range of biological applications concerning human health that mainly include tissue engineering, wound healing, drug/bioactive molecules delivery, diagnosis, and biomimetics.

This review highlights recent advances in the topological design and biological applications of electrospun bio-functional nanomaterials. The topologies are categorized to portray a comprehensive “topology periodic table”, providing a concise and clear map offering a reference for scientists or engineers to opt for specific topology with desirable functions targeting a special application, as well as corresponding fabrication strategy. The topologies of electrospun nanomaterials are classified into three categories: Individuals, Hybrids and Assemblies according to the intrinsic logical relationships. The state-of-the-art progress on electrospun nanomaterials together with biological applications, challenges, and future directions are comprehensively summarized.

电纺丝是一种高度通用的技术，可将聚合物或相关材料加工成直径从微米到纳米的纤维材料。在早期，电纺材料主要是聚合物，形态主要是纤维。在过去的二十年中，已经取得了相当大的进步，其中包括对金属，金属氧化物，碳物种和有机/无机复合材料进行电纺丝，并产生除纤维之外的更多形态，例如珠子，管子甚至分层结构。另外，已经探索了无数前景广阔的应用，主要包括生物，能量，催化，环境和机械增强，其中一半以上集中在生物应用上。

可以将电纺纳米材料设计为模仿细胞外基质的结构特征，以促进细胞生长和营养物质运输。由于能够吸收过量的渗出物，保持潮湿的微环境以增强上皮的再生长并提供无痛的去除的能力，因此可以将这些材料设计成增强美学伤口愈合。封装或附着有生物活性分子和药物的电纺纳米材料被认为是递送应用的合适候选物。由于孔隙率高和表面积大，它们也可用于医学诊断以增强特异性，敏感性和信号传导能力。此外，电纺纳米材料可以组装成各种引人入胜的仿生结构和功能。

这篇综述重点介绍了电纺生物功能纳米材料在拓扑设计和生物学应用方面的最新进展。拓扑被分类为描绘一个综合的“拓扑周期表”，提供了简洁明了的地图，为科学家或工程师选择具有针对特定应用的理想功能的特定拓扑以及相应的制造策略提供了参考。电纺纳米材料的拓扑结构可分为三类：单个，混合和组装根据内在的逻辑关系。全面总结了电纺纳米材料的最新进展以及生物学应用，挑战和未来方向。