Recent experiments using optogenetic tools facilitate the identification and functional analysis of thirst neurons and vasopressin-producing neurons. Four major advances provide a detailed anatomy and physiology of thirst, taste for water, and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release: ( a) Thirst and AVP release are regulated by the classical homeostatic, interosensory plasma osmolality negative feedback as well as by novel, exterosensory, anticipatory signals. These anticipatory signals for thirst and vasopressin release concentrate on the same homeostatic neurons and circumventricular organs that monitor the composition of blood. ( b) Acid-sensing taste receptor cells (TRCs) expressing otopetrin 1 on type III presynaptic TRCs on the tongue, which were previously suggested as the sour taste sensors, also mediate taste responses to water. ( c) Dehydration is aversive, and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) neuron activity is proportional to the intensity of this aversive state. ( d) MnPOGLP1R neurons serve as a central detector that discriminates fluid ingestion from solid ingestion, which promotes acute satiation of thirst through the subfornical organ and other downstream targets.

中文翻译：

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口渴和加压素释放的调节。

使用光遗传学工具的最新实验促进了口渴神经元和产生加压素的神经元的鉴定和功能分析。四项主要进展提供了口渴，水味和精氨酸加压素（AVP）释放的详细解剖学和生理学信息：（a）口渴和AVP释放受经典的体内稳态，感觉间血浆渗透压负反馈以及新型药物的调节，外在的，预期的信号。这些口渴和加压素释放的预期信号集中在监控血液成分的相同稳态神经元和室室器官上。（b）酸提示味觉受体细胞（TRCs）在舌头的III型突触前TRCs上表达otopetrin 1，以前被建议作为酸味传感器，也介导对水的味觉响应。（c）脱水是令人厌恶的，并且中视前核（MnPO）神经元活性与这种厌恶状态的强度成正比。（d）MnPOGLP1R神经元用作区分液体摄入和固体摄入的中央检测器，固体摄入促进了通过子器官和其他下游目标的口渴。