OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of long-term conviction and incarceration associated with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to identify risk and protective factors including associations with active treatment with ADHD medication. METHOD All participants with ADHD who were 4 to 15 years of age during 1995 to 2005 were matched by year of birth and sex to a random sample of participants without ADHD from the Danish population using nationwide registers. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the risk of conviction and incarceration associated with ADHD in childhood and estimated associations with active treatment and outcome. RESULTS The ADHD cohort were followed up at a mean of 22.0 (SD = 5.8) years. Of 4,231 individuals with ADHD, 1,355 (32.0%) had received at least one conviction, compared to 3,059 (15.6%) of the 19,595 participants without ADHD (p < 0.001). ADHD was significantly associated with conviction (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.4, 95% CI = 2.3-2.6) and incarceration (HR = 3.0, 95% CI = 2.8-3.3). Subsequent to adjustment for various risk factors, ADHD exposure was still significantly related to conviction (HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.5-1.8) and incarceration (HR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.5-1.9). Comorbidity with substance use disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder, low family socioeconomic status, parental incarceration, and parental relationship status all significantly increased the risk of conviction and incarceration. Crime rates increased with the number of associated risks but were reduced during periods of taking ADHD medication. CONCLUSION In addition to ADHD, a broad range of individual, familial, and social factors increase the risk of antisocial development. The findings imply that ADHD medication may contribute to crime prevention.

中文翻译：

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在丹麦全国范围内的研究中，儿童和青少年的注意力缺陷/多动障碍和青少年成年后的犯罪风险。

目的确定与儿童注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）相关的长期定罪和监禁的风险，并确定风险和保护因素，包括与积极治疗ADHD药物相关的风险和保护因素。方法采用全国登记册，将丹麦人群中1995年至2005年期间所有4至15岁的所有ADHD参与者按出生年份和性别与随机的无ADHD参与者样本进行匹配。使用Cox比例风险模型，我们估计了儿童多动症被定罪和监禁的风险，并估计了积极治疗和预后的相关性。结果多动症队列平均随访22.0（SD = 5.8）年。在4,231名患有多动症的人中，有1,355名（32.0％）至少被定罪，而3,059名（15。19,595名无注意力缺陷多动障碍的参与者中有6％）（p <0.001）。ADHD与定罪（危险比[HR] = 2.4，95％CI = 2.3-2.6）和监禁（HR = 3.0，95％CI = 2.8-3.3）显着相关。在对各种危险因素进行调整之后，ADHD暴露仍与定罪（HR = 1.6，95％CI = 1.5-1.8）和监禁（HR = 1.7，95％CI = 1.5-1.9）显着相关。合并使用药物滥用障碍，对立违抗性障碍/品行障碍，家庭社会经济地位低下，父母监禁和父母亲关系状况都显着增加了定罪和监禁的风险。犯罪率随着相关风险的数量而增加，但在服用多动症药物期间却有所下降。结论除了多动症外，广泛的个人，家族，社会因素增加了反社会发展的风险。该发现暗示多动症药物可能有助于预防犯罪。