Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious psychiatric illness with demonstrated abnormalities in reward processing circuitry. Examining this circuitry in youth at familial risk for BD may provide further insight into the underlying mechanisms of BD development. In this study, we compared offspring of bipolar parents (OBP, n = 32), offspring of comparison parents with non-BD psychopathology (OCP, n = 36), and offspring of healthy parents (OHP, n = 39) during a functional magnetic resonance imaging reward processing task. Elastic net regression analyses identified 26 activity, functional connectivity (FC), and demographic variables that explained 34.24% of the variance in group (λ = 0.224). ANOVA and post-hoc analyses revealed that OBP had significantly lower right ventral striatum-left caudal anterior cingulate FC to loss (OBP versus OCP: p = 0.028, OBP versus OHP: p = 0.015) and greater right pars orbitalis-left (OBP versus OCP: p = 0.003, OBP versus OHP: p = 0.036) and -right (OBP versus OCP: p = 0.001, OBP versus OHP: p = 0.038) orbitofrontal cortex FC to reward versus OCP and OHP, respectively. These findings were not affected by non-BD psychopathology, psychotropic medication use, or symptomatology. There were no changes in, or relationships between, neuroimaging or symptom measures at follow-up (mean(SD) = 2.70(1.22) year inter-scan interval) in a subset of youth with follow-up data (OBP, n = 14; OCP, n = 8; OHP, n = 19). These findings suggest that lower right ventral striatum-left caudal anterior cingulate FC to loss and greater right pars orbitalis-orbitofrontal cortex FC to reward may be trait-level neural markers that may reflect risk for BD in at-risk youth. These findings comprise important steps toward identifying neural markers of BD risk, which may enhance early identification and guide interventions for youth at familial risk for BD.

中文翻译：

---

患有双相情感障碍风险的后代的奖励神经回路中的基线和后续活动以及功能连接性。

躁郁症（BD）是一种严重的精神疾病，在奖励处理电路中表现出异常。在有家族性BD风险的年轻人中检查这种电路可能会为BD发展的潜在机制提供进一步的见解。在这项研究中，我们比较了双极性双亲的后代（OBP，n = 32），具有非BD精神病理学的比较双亲的后代（OCP，n = 36），以及功能正常时健康双亲的后代（OHP，n = 39）。磁共振成像奖励处理任务。弹性净回归分析确定了26个活动，功能连接性（FC）和人口统计学变量，这些变量解释了组中34.24％的方差（λ= 0.224）。方差分析和事后分析显示，OBP的右下腹纹状体-左尾前扣带回FC明显降低（OBP与OCP：p = 0.028，OBP与OHP：p = 0.015）和更大的右眼眶眶左（OBP与OCP：p = 0.003，OBP与OHP：p = 0.036）和-右（眼眶相对于OCP：p = 0.001，OBP与OHP：p = 0.038）眶额皮质FC分别奖励OCP和OHP。这些发现不受非BD精神病理学，精神药物的使用或症状学的影响。在有随访数据（OBP，n = 14）的青年人群中，随访（平均（SD）= 2.70（1.22）年扫描间隔）后的神经影像学或症状指标无变化或没有关系。 ； OCP，n = 8； OHP，n = 19）。这些发现表明，右下腹纹状体-左尾前扣带回FC丢失和右眼眶-眶额皮质FC奖励较大，可能是特质水平的神经标志物，可能反映了高危青少年的BD风险。