Three-component systems containing Pd(OAc)₂, Al₂O₃, and an IL (IL = ionic liquid) were applied in the Heck arylation of cyclohexene. The highest productivity and selectivity to 4-phenylcyclohexene was noted in reaction catalyzed by Pd/Al₂O₃ in the presence of a small amount of an IL, dimethyldidodecylammonium lactate (C). The addition of Al₂O₃ alone to the reaction catalyzed by soluble precursors, PdCl₂(PhCN)₂ or Pd(OAc)₂ and IL, remarkably increased conversion to 4-phenylcyclohexene. Hg(0) inhibited the reaction catalyzed by Pd/Al₂O₃ by formation of Pd-Hg amalgam immobilized on Al₂O₃. SEM/EDX studies of Pd/Al₂O₃ performed after treatment with Hg(0) showed that the IL modified the surface properties of Pd/Al₂O₃.

中文翻译：

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Al ₂ O ₃和离子液体在钯催化的环己烯芳基化反应中的作用。Hg（0）与固定钯的相互作用

含有Pd（OAc）₂，Al ₂ O ₃和IL（IL =离子液体）的三组分体系被用于环己烯的Heck芳基化反应。在少量IL，乳酸二甲基十二烷基癸二酸铵（C）存在下，Pd / Al ₂ O ₃催化的反应中，对4-苯基环己烯的生产率和选择性最高。由可溶性前体PdCl ₂（PhCN）₂或Pd（OAc）₂和IL催化，单独向反应中添加Al ₂ O ₃可以显着提高转化为4-苯基环己烯的转化率。Hg（0）抑制Pd / Al ₂ O ₃催化的反应通过形成固定在Al ₂ O ₃上的Pd-Hg汞齐。Hg（0）处理后对Pd / Al ₂ O _3的SEM / EDX研究表明，IL修饰了Pd / Al ₂ O ₃的表面性质。