Migratory species provide ecosystem goods and services throughout their annual cycles, often over long distances. Designing effective conservation solutions for migratory species requires knowledge of both species ecology and the socioeconomic context of their migrations. We present a framework built around the concept that migratory species act as carriers, delivering benefit flows to people throughout their annual cycle that are supported by the network of ecosystems upon which the species depend. We apply this framework to the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) migration of eastern North America by calculating their spatial subsidies. Spatial subsidies are the net ecosystem service flows throughout a species’ range and a quantitative measure of the spatial mismatch between the locations where people receive most benefits and the locations of habitats that most support the species. Results indicate cultural benefits provided by monarchs in the U.S. and Canada are subsidized by migration and overwintering habitat in Mexico. At a finer scale, throughout the monarch range, habitat in rural landscapes subsidizes urban residents. Understanding the spatial distribution of benefits derived from and ecological support provided to monarchs and other migratory species offers a promising means of understanding the costs and benefits associated with conservation across jurisdictional borders.

迁徙物种通常在很长一段距离内，在其整个年度周期内提供生态系统的产品和服务。为迁徙物种设计有效的保护解决方案，既需要了解物种生态学知识，又要了解其迁徙的社会经济背景。我们提出了一个以移栖物种为载体的概念为基础的框架，该移徙物种在其整个年度周期内向人们提供了利益流，这些利益得到了物种赖以生存的生态系统网络的支持。我们将此框架应用于帝王蝶（Danaus plexippus）通过计算其空间补贴来迁移北美东部地区。空间补贴是整个物种范围内的净生态系统服务流量，是对人们获得最大利益的地点与最支持该物种的栖息地之间的空间失配的定量度量。结果表明，美国和加拿大君主提供的文化利益得到了墨西哥移民和越冬栖息地的补贴。在整个君主范围内，乡村地区的栖息地向城市居民提供了更优惠的补贴。理解君主和其他迁徙物种的利益空间分布以及对君主和其他迁徙物种的生态支持提供了一种有前途的手段，可用来了解跨管辖边界的保护所带来的成本和利益。