This review focuses on the inter- and transgenerational effects of stress experience prior to and during gestation. We provide an overview of findings from studies in humans as well as in animal models on brain structural and physiological functions and on the development of cognitive and executive functions. We also discuss the concept of stress-induced (re-)programming in more detail by highlighting epigenetic mechanisms and particularly those affecting the development of monoaminergic transmitter systems, which constitute the braińs reward system. As the majority of studies have focused on male individuals we will emphasize sex-specific differences in stress vulnerability and resilience. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the development of protective and therapeutic interventions in cognitive and emotional disturbances resulting from pre-conception and prenatal stress.

这篇综述着重于妊娠之前和妊娠过程中压力经历的代际和代际效应。我们概述了人类以及动物模型中有关脑结构和生理功能以及认知和执行功能发展的研究结果。我们还将通过强调表观遗传机制，尤其是那些影响单胺能递质系统（构成布莱恩斯奖赏系统）发展的机制，来更详细地讨论压力诱导（重新）编程的概念。由于大多数研究都集中在男性个体上，因此我们将强调在压力脆弱性和适应力方面的性别差异。最后，