Abstract The spatial and time resolution in the measurements of growth rates and the observation of surface morphologies and the associated transport phenomena reflecting their growth mechanism have been developed because advanced microscopes and interferometers have attained nano-scale resolution. The first part covers the historical background how in-situ observation of crystal growth at molecular-level by optical and other scanning methods had been developed for understanding of crystal growth by measuring crystal growth rates and by observing surface nano-topographies, such as growth steps and spiral hillocks, with the same vertical resolutions comparable to that of the scanning probe microscopic techniques. The potential of recently developed interferometric techniques, such as Phase-Shift Interferometry (PSI) is then reviewed with the principle of the optics. Capability of measuring growth rates of crystals as low as 10 −5 nm/s (1 µm/year) is introduced. Second part of the article emphasizes basic interferometric technique for the understanding of crystal growth mechanism by measuring growth rate vs supersaturation. Utilization of these techniques not only in fundamental crystal growth fields but also in environmental sciences, space sciences and crystallization in microgravity would briefly be introduced. At the end, we select a few examples how growth mechanism was analyzed based on these kinetic measurements.

中文翻译：

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晶体生长的原位观察及机理

摘要 由于先进的显微镜和干涉仪已达到纳米级分辨率，因此在测量生长速率和观察表面形态以及反映其生长机制的相关传输现象时，空间和时间分辨率得到了发展。第一部分介绍了如何通过光学和其他扫描方法在分子水平上原位观察晶体生长的历史背景，以通过测量晶体生长速率和观察表面纳米形貌（如生长步骤）来了解晶体生长和螺旋小丘，具有与扫描探针显微技术相同的垂直分辨率。最近开发的干涉测量技术的潜力，然后用光学原理回顾相移干涉测量法 (PSI)。引入了测量低至 10 -5 nm/s (1 µm/year) 的晶体生长速率的能力。文章的第二部分强调通过测量生长速率与过饱和度来理解晶体生长机制的基本干涉技术。将简要介绍这些技术不仅在基本晶体生长领域，而且在环境科学、空间科学和微重力结晶中的应用。最后，我们选择了几个例子，如何基于这些动力学测量分析生长机制。文章的第二部分强调通过测量生长速率与过饱和度来理解晶体生长机制的基本干涉技术。将简要介绍这些技术不仅在基本晶体生长领域，而且在环境科学、空间科学和微重力结晶中的应用。最后，我们选择了几个例子，如何基于这些动力学测量分析生长机制。文章的第二部分强调通过测量生长速率与过饱和度来理解晶体生长机制的基本干涉技术。将简要介绍这些技术不仅在基本晶体生长领域，而且在环境科学、空间科学和微重力结晶中的应用。最后，我们选择了几个例子，如何基于这些动力学测量分析生长机制。