Regulation of protein translation constitutes a crucial step in control of gene expression. In comparison to transcriptional regulation, however, translational control has remained a significantly under-studied layer of gene expression. This trend is now beginning to shift thanks to recent advances in next-generation sequencing, proteomics, and microscopy based methodologies which allow accurate monitoring of protein translation rates, from single target messenger RNA molecules to genome-wide scale studies. In this review, we summarize these recent advances, and discuss how they are enabling researchers to study translational regulation in a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo biological systems, with unprecedented depth and spatiotemporal resolution.

中文翻译：

---

时空中蛋白质翻译的监测和测量方法

蛋白质翻译的调控是控制基因表达的关键步骤。然而，与转录调控相比，翻译调控仍是基因表达研究不足的一层。由于下一代测序，蛋白质组学和基于显微镜的方法学的最新进展，该趋势现在开始转变，该方法可以精确监控蛋白质翻译速率，从单个目标信使RNA分子到全基因组规模的研究。在这篇综述中，我们总结了这些最新进展，并讨论了它们如何使研究人员能够以前所未有的深度和时空分辨率研究各种体外和体内生物系统中的翻译调控。