Geysers episodically erupt liquid and vapor. Despite two centuries of scientific study, basic questions persist—why do geysers exist? What determines eruption intervals, durations, and heights? What initiates eruptions? Through monitoring eruption intervals, analyzing geophysical data, taking measurements within geyser conduits, performing numerical simulations, and constructing laboratory models, some of these questions have been addressed. Geysers are uncommon because they require a combination of abundant water recharge, magmatism, and rhyolite flows to supply heat and silica, and large fractures and cavities overlain by low-permeability materials to trap rising multiphase and multicomponent fluids. Eruptions are driven by the conversion of thermal to kinetic energy during decompression. Larger and deeper cavities permit larger eruptions and promote regularity by isolating water from weather variations. The ejection velocity may be limited by the speed of sound of the liquid + vapor mixture.

中文翻译：

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间歇泉喷发的迷人而复杂的动力学

间歇泉间歇性地喷出液体和蒸汽。尽管进行了两个世纪的科学研究，但基本问题仍然存在——为什么会存在间歇泉？什么决定了喷发间隔、持续时间和高度？是什么引发了喷发？通过监测喷发间隔、分析地球物理数据、在间歇泉管道内进行测量、进行数值模拟和构建实验室模型，其中一些问题已经得到解决。间歇泉并不常见，因为它们需要大量的水补给、岩浆作用和流纹岩流来提供热量和二氧化硅，以及覆盖在低渗透性材料上的大裂缝和空洞以捕获上升的多相和多组分流体。火山喷发是由减压过程中热能转化为动能驱动的。更大和更深的洞穴允许更大的喷发，并通过将水与天气变化隔离开来促进规律性。喷射速度可能受液体+蒸汽混合物的声速限制。