This review presents the state of the art in strain and ripple-induced effects on the electronic and optical properties of graphene. It starts by providing the crystallographic description of mechanical deformations, as well as the diffraction pattern for different kinds of representative deformation fields. Then, the focus turns to the unique elastic properties of graphene, and to how strain is produced. Thereafter, various theoretical approaches used to study the electronic properties of strained graphene are examined, discussing the advantages of each. These approaches provide a platform to describe exotic properties, such as a fractal spectrum related with quasicrystals, a mixed Dirac-Schrödinger behavior, emergent gravity, topological insulator states, in molecular graphene and other 2D discrete lattices. The physical consequences of strain on the optical properties are reviewed next, with a focus on the Raman spectrum. At the same time, recent advances to tune the optical conductivity of graphene by strain engineering are given, which open new paths in device applications. Finally, a brief review of strain effects in multilayered graphene and other promising 2D materials like silicene and materials based on other group-IV elements, phosphorene, dichalcogenide- and monochalcogenide-monolayers is presented, with a brief discussion of interplays among strain, thermal effects, and illumination in the latter material family.

中文翻译：

---

应变石墨烯和其他应变二维材料的电子和光学特性：综述

这篇综述介绍了应变和波纹对石墨烯电子和光学特性的影响的最新技术。它首先提供机械变形的晶体学描述，以及不同类型的代表性变形场的衍射图。然后，焦点转向石墨烯独特的弹性特性，以及应变是如何产生的。此后，研究了用于研究应变石墨烯电子特性的各种理论方法，讨论了每种方法的优点。这些方法提供了一个平台来描述奇异特性，例如与准晶体相关的分形谱、混合狄拉克-薛定谔行为、紧急重力、拓扑绝缘体状态、分子石墨烯和其他 2D 离散晶格。接下来回顾应变对光学特性的物理后果，重点是拉曼光谱。同时，给出了通过应变工程调整石墨烯光导率的最新进展，这为器件应用开辟了新的途径。最后，简要回顾了多层石墨烯和其他有前途的 2D 材料（如硅烯和基于其他 IV 族元素、磷烯、二硫属化物和单硫属化物单层的材料）中的应变效应，并简要讨论了应变、热效应之间的相互作用，以及后一种材料族中的照明。这在设备应用程序中开辟了新的路径。最后，简要回顾了多层石墨烯和其他有前途的 2D 材料（如硅烯和基于其他 IV 族元素、磷烯、二硫属化物和单硫属化物单层的材料）中的应变效应，并简要讨论了应变、热效应之间的相互作用，以及后一种材料族中的照明。这在设备应用程序中开辟了新的路径。最后，简要回顾了多层石墨烯和其他有前途的 2D 材料（如硅烯和基于其他 IV 族元素、磷烯、二硫属化物和单硫属化物单层的材料）中的应变效应，并简要讨论了应变、热效应之间的相互作用，以及后一种材料族中的照明。