As the commercialisation of two contrasting solar-powered water splitting devices with lower TRLs of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser systems and photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems gains momentum, the path towards a sustainable H economy is taking shape. Ongoing pilot projects and demonstration plants are proving the feasibility and potential of these technologies in real-world applications. However, to ensure their success, we must confront the critical challenges of cost reduction and efficiency enhancement, making green H economically competitive with traditional production methods. To achieve this, a collaborative effort among academia, industry, and policymakers is paramount. This comprehensive review begins by examining traditional water electrolysis methods, focusing on the production of green H through electrochemical splitting. It delves into crucial components and advancements in the PEM systems, addressing challenges related to catalysts, membranes, gas diffusion layers, and bipolar plates. The review also explores solar-driven PEC water splitting, emphasizing the significance of efficient photoelectrodes and reactor design. Additionally, it discusses the integration of photovoltaic cells with electrochemical or PEC systems for higher H yield. Commercialisation is underway and this endeavour necessitates a collaborative approach, with active involvement from academia, industry, and policymakers. This collective effort not only propels us towards greener and more sustainable energy solutions but also represents a transformative step in the global journey towards a sustainable and environmentally conscious economy.

中文翻译：

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通过太阳能水分解装置提升绿色氢 (H2) 生产的前景：系统评价

随着质子交换膜 (PEM) 电解槽系统和光电化学 (PEC) 系统这两种具有较低 TRL 的对比太阳能水分解装置的商业化势头强劲，可持续 H 经济的道路正在形成。正在进行的试点项目和示范工厂正在证明这些技术在实际应用中的可行性和潜力。然而，为了确保它们的成功，我们必须面对降低成本和提高效率的关键挑战，使绿色H在经济上与传统生产方法相比具有竞争力。为了实现这一目标，学术界、工业界和政策制定者之间的合作至关重要。本次综合综述首先检查传统的水电解方法，重点关注通过电化学分解生产绿色 H。它深入研究了 PEM 系统的关键组件和进步，解决了与催化剂、膜、气体扩散层和双极板相关的挑战。该综述还探讨了太阳能驱动的 PEC 水分解，强调了高效光电极和反应器设计的重要性。此外，它还讨论了光伏电池与电化学或 PEC 系统的集成，以提高 H 产量。商业化正在进行中，这一努力需要学术界、工业界和政策制定者的积极参与，采取协作方式。这种集体努力不仅推动我们寻求更绿色、更可持续的能源解决方案，而且代表着全球迈向可持续和环保经济的变革性一步。