Animal waste bone (AWB) is a significant component of food waste, generating millions of metric tons annually and posing environmental and economic challenges due to improper management. Despite its rich bioactive compound content, AWB is underutilized. To address these issues, we propose incorporating waste-derived calcium phosphate phases from AWB into an alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) composite, forming a Hydroxyapatite/Tricalcium Phosphate/Whitlockite-ATZ biocomposite. The high-temperature treatment during ATZ consolidation promotes Hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation and decomposition of HAp to Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) phases. Trace amounts of magnesium in AWB aid in Whitlockite (Wk) formation. This triphasic material exhibits excellent biocompatibility and osteoconduction, suitable for bone regeneration. ATZ ensures mechanical stability and counters degradation of calcium phosphate phases. Although AWB incorporation reduces mechanical properties, the resulting ATZ-AWB biocomposite meets acceptable biomaterial standards. The present ATZ-AWB biocomposite possess bulk density, apparent porosity, hardness, and bending strength in the range of 3.7–5.2 g/cm, 3.6–17%, 2–9 GPa and 620–1000 MPa respectively. AWB incorporation enhances bioactivity, as demonstrated by increased apatite layer formation in simulated body fluid (SBF). By fostering bioactivity, this approach not only tackles biocircularity but also offers economically accessible biomaterials, thereby advancing environmental sustainability and socioeconomic progress.

中文翻译：

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通过增强废物衍生的三相磷酸钙来增强生物循环，以制造具有增强生物活性的氧化铝增韧氧化锆生物复合材料

动物废骨 (AWB) 是食物垃圾的重要组成部分，每年产生数百万吨，并因管理不当而带来环境和经济挑战。尽管 AWB 含有丰富的生物活性化合物，但其利用率却很低。为了解决这些问题，我们建议将 AWB 中的废物衍生磷酸钙相纳入氧化铝增韧氧化锆 (ATZ) 复合材料中，形成羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙/Whitlockite-ATZ 生物复合材料。 ATZ 固结过程中的高温处理促进了羟基磷灰石 (HAp) 的形成以及 HAp 分解为磷酸三钙 (TCP) 相。 AWB 中的微量镁有助于白铁矿 (Wk) 的形成。这种三相材料表现出优异的生物相容性和骨传导性，适合骨再生。 ATZ 可确保机械稳定性并防止磷酸钙相的降解。尽管 AWB 的加入会降低机械性能，但所得 ATZ-AWB 生物复合材料符合可接受的生物材料标准。目前的 ATZ-AWB 生物复合材料的堆积密度、表观孔隙率、硬度和弯曲强度分别在 3.7-5.2 g/cm、3.6-17%、2-9 GPa 和 620-1000 MPa 范围内。 AWB 的掺入增强了生物活性，模拟体液 (SBF) 中磷灰石层形成的增加就证明了这一点。通过促进生物活性，这种方法不仅可以解决生物循环问题，还可以提供经济上可获得的生物材料，从而促进环境可持续性和社会经济进步。