Functional connectivity is conventionally defined by measuring the similarity between brain signals from two regions. The technique has become widely adopted in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, where it has provided cognitive neuroscientists with abundant information on how brain regions interact to support complex cognition. However, in the past decade the notion of “connectivity” has expanded in both the complexity and heterogeneity of its application to cognitive neuroscience, resulting in greater difficulty of interpretation, replication, and cross-study comparisons. In this paper, we begin with the canonical notions of functional connectivity and then introduce recent methodological developments that either estimate some alternative form of connectivity or extend the analytical framework, with the hope of bringing better clarity for cognitive neuroscience researchers.

中文翻译：

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基于任务的 fMRI 的连接性分析

功能连接通常是通过测量两个区域的大脑信号之间的相似性来定义的。该技术已广泛应用于功能磁共振成像（fMRI）数据分析中，为认知神经科学家提供了有关大脑区域如何相互作用以支持复杂认知的丰富信息。然而，在过去十年中，“连通性”概念在认知神经科学应用中的复杂性和异质性不断扩大，导致解释、复制和交叉研究比较变得更加困难。在本文中，我们从功能连接的规范概念开始，然后介绍最近的方法论发展，这些方法论要么估计某种替代形式的连接，要么扩展分析框架，希望为认知神经科学研究人员带来更好的清晰度。