In high-altitude environments characterized by low pressure and oxygen levels, the intestinal microbiota undergoes significant alterations. Whether individuals are subjected to prolonged exposure or acute altitude changes, these conditions lead to shifts in both the diversity and abundance of intestinal microbiota and changes in their composition. While these alterations represent adaptations to high-altitude conditions, they may also pose health risks through certain mechanisms. Changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by high altitudes can compromise the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, resulting in gastrointestinal dysfunction and an increased susceptibility to acute mountain sickness (AMS). Moreover, alterations in the intestinal microbiota have been implicated in the induction or exacerbation of chronic heart failure. Targeted modulation of the intestinal microbiota holds promise in mitigating high-altitude-related cardiac damage. Dietary interventions, such as adopting a high-carbohydrate, high-fiber, low-protein, and low-fat diet, can help regulate the effects of intestinal microbiota and their metabolic byproducts on intestinal health. Additionally, supplementation with probiotics, either through dietary sources or medications, offers a means of modulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These interventions may offer beneficial effects in preventing and alleviating AMS following acute exposure to high altitudes.

中文翻译：

---

高海拔引起的肠道微生物群变化

在以低压和氧气水平为特征的高海拔环境中，肠道微生物群会发生显着变化。无论个体是否受到长期暴露或剧烈的海拔变化，这些条件都会导致肠道微生物群的多样性和丰度及其组成发生变化。虽然这些变化代表了对高海拔条件的适应，但它们也可能通过某些机制带来健康风险。高海拔引起的肠道微生物群变化会损害肠粘膜屏障的完整性，导致胃肠功能障碍并增加患急性高山病（AMS）的风险。此外，肠道微生物群的改变与慢性心力衰竭的诱发或恶化有关。有针对性地调节肠道微生物群有望减轻与高海拔相关的心脏损伤。饮食干预，例如采用高碳水化合物、高纤维、低蛋白和低脂肪饮食，可以帮助调节肠道微生物群及其代谢副产物对肠道健康的影响。此外，通过饮食或药物补充益生菌提供了一种调节肠道微生物群组成的方法。这些干预措施可能对预防和减轻急性暴露于高海拔地区后的 AMS 产生有益的影响。