To develop and validate a 3D simulation model to calculate laser ablation (LA) zone size and estimate the volume of treated tissue for thyroid applications, a model was developed, taking into account dynamic optical and thermal properties of tissue change. For validation, ten Yorkshire swines were equally divided into two cohorts and underwent thyroid LA at 3 W/1,400 J and 3 W/1,800 J respectively with a 1064-nm multi-source laser (Echolaser X4 with Orblaze^™ technology; ElEn SpA, Calenzano, Italy). The dataset was analyzed employing key statistical measures such as mean and standard deviation (SD). Model simulation data were compared with animal gross histology. Experimental data for longitudinal length, width (transverse length), ablation volume and sphericity were 11.0 mm, 10.0 mm, 0.6 mL and 0.91, respectively at 1,400 J and 14.6 mm, 12.4 mm, 1.12 mL and 0.83, respectively at 1,800 J. Gross histology data showed excellent reproducibility of the ablation zone among same laser settings; for both 1,400 J and 1,800 J, the SD of the in vivo parameters was ≤ 0.7 mm, except for width at 1,800 J, for which the SD was 1.1 mm. Simulated data for longitudinal length, width, ablation volume and sphericity were 11.6 mm, 10.0 mm, 0.62 mL and 0.88, respectively at 1,400 J and 14.2 mm, 12.0 mm, 1.06 mL and 0.84, respectively at 1,800 J. Experimental data for ablation volume, sphericity coefficient, and longitudinal and transverse lengths of thermal damaged area showed good agreement with the simulation data. Simulation datasets were successfully incorporated into proprietary planning software (Echolaser Smart Interface, Elesta SpA, Calenzano, Italy) to provide guidance for LA of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. Our mathematical model showed good predictability of coagulative necrosis when compared with data from in vivo animal experiments.

为了开发和验证 3D 模拟模型来计算激光消融 (LA) 区域大小并估计甲状腺应用中治疗组织的体积，开发了一个模型，同时考虑了组织变化的动态光学和热特性。为了进行验证，将 10 只约克夏猪平均分为两组，并分别使用 1064 nm 多源激光（采用 Orblaze ^™技术的 Echolaser X4；ElEn SpA、Calenzano）以 3 W/1,400 J 和 3 W/1,800 J 进行甲状腺 LA ， 意大利）。使用平均值和标准差 (SD) 等关键统计指标对数据集进行分析。将模型模拟数据与动物大体组织学进行比较。纵向长度、宽度（横向长度）、消融体积和球形度的实验数据在1,400焦耳时分别为11.0毫米、10.0毫米、0.6毫升和0.91，在1,800焦耳时分别为14.6毫米、12.4毫米、1.12毫升和0.83。组织学数据显示，在相同激光设置下，消融区域具有出色的再现性；对于 1,400 J 和 1,800 J，体内参数的 SD 均≤ 0.7 mm，但 1,800 J 时的宽度除外，其 SD 为 1.1 mm。纵向长度、宽度、消融体积和球形度的模拟数据在 1,400 J 时分别为 11.6 mm、10.0 mm、0.62 mL 和 0.88，在 1,800 J 时分别为 14.2 mm、12.0 mm、1.06 mL 和 0.84。 消融体积的实验数据、球形系数以及热损伤区域的纵向和横向长度与模拟数据表现出良好的一致性。模拟数据集已成功纳入专有规划软件（Echolaser Smart Interface，Elesta SpA，Calenzano，意大利）中，为甲状腺微小乳头状癌的 LA 提供指导。与体内动物实验的数据相比，我们的数学模型显示出对凝固性坏死的良好预测性。