Implantable bioelectronics, integrated directly within the body, represent a potent biomedical solution for monitoring and treating a range of medical conditions, including chronic diseases, neural disorders, and cardiac conditions, through personalized medical interventions. Nevertheless, contemporary implantable bioelectronics rely heavily on rigid materials (e.g., inorganic materials and metals), leading to inflammatory responses and tissue damage due to a mechanical mismatch with biological tissues. Recently, soft electronics with mechanical properties comparable to those of biological tissues have been introduced to alleviate fatal immune responses and improve tissue conformity. Despite their myriad advantages, substantial challenges persist in surgical handling and precise positioning due to their high compliance. To surmount these obstacles, softening implantable bioelectronics has garnered significant attention as it embraces the benefits of both rigid and soft bioelectronics. These devices are rigid for easy standalone implantation, transitioning to a soft state in response to environmental stimuli, which effectively overcomes functional/biological problems inherent in the static mechanical properties of conventional implants. This article reviews recent research and development in softening materials and designs for implantable bioelectronics. Examples featuring tissue-penetrating and conformal softening devices highlight the promising potential of these approaches in biomedical applications. A concluding section delves into current challenges and outlines future directions for softening implantable device technologies, underscoring their pivotal role in propelling the evolution of next-generation bioelectronics.

中文翻译：

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软化植入式生物电子学：材料设计、应用和未来方向


直接集成在体内的植入式生物电子学代表了一种有效的生物医学解决方案，可通过个性化的医疗干预来监测和治疗一系列医疗状况，包括慢性病、神经疾病和心脏病。然而，当代植入式生物电子学严重依赖刚性材料（例如无机材料和金属），由于与生物组织的机械不匹配而导致炎症反应和组织损伤。最近，具有与生物组织相当的机械性能的软电子器件已被引入，以减轻致命的免疫反应并改善组织的顺应性。尽管它们具有众多优势，但由于其高顺应性，在手术操作和精确定位方面仍然存在巨大挑战。为了克服这些障碍，软化植入式生物电子学受到了广泛关注，因为它兼具刚性和软性生物电子学的优点。这些设备是刚性的，易于独立植入，响应环境刺激而转变为软状态，这有效地克服了传统植入物静态机械特性固有的功能/生物问题。本文回顾了植入式生物电子学软化材料和设计的最新研究和发展。以组织穿透和适形软化装置为特色的示例凸显了这些方法在生物医学应用中的广阔潜力。结论部分深入探讨了当前的挑战，并概述了软化植入式设备技术的未来方向，强调了它们在推动下一代生物电子学发展中的关键作用。