Interlayer engineering is crucial for achieving efficient and stable organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, by introducing a commercialized brominated quaternary ammonium salt, hexamethonium bromide (HB), into a perylene diimide (PDI)-structured electron transport layer (ETL), a PDINN:HB hybrid ETL with enhanced charge collection ability and environmental/operational stability is realized. Molecular dynamics simulations and Kelvin probe force microscopy indicate that strong polar bromine and amine groups can form extra interfacial dipoles in the hybrid interlayer, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance suggest the hybrid ETL can interact with the Ag cathode, thereby regulating the energy level arrangement at the interface. As for the results, the PDINN:HB hybrid ETL enables improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 17.8 to 18.4% and 18.8 to 19.4% in PM6:C5-16 bulk heterojunction- and PM6/L8-BO pseudobulk heterojunction-based OSCs, respectively. The versatility of this method is further verified by introducing a range of brominated quaternary ammonium salts into PDINN, in which a superior PCE and stability are all obtained compared to the reference device.

中文翻译：

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用于高性能传统有机太阳能电池的溴化季铵盐辅助混合电子传输层

层间工程对于实现高效稳定的有机太阳能电池（OSC）至关重要。在此，通过将商业化的溴化季铵盐、溴化六甲铵（HB）引入到苝二酰亚胺（PDI）结构的电子传输层（ETL）中，一种具有增强的电荷收集能力和环境/操作稳定性的PDINN:HB混合ETL意识到了。分子动力学模拟和开尔文探针力显微镜表明，强极性溴和胺基团可以在杂化中间层中形成额外的界面偶极子，而X射线光电子能谱和电子顺磁共振表明杂化ETL可以与Ag阴极相互作用，从而调节界面处的能级排列。至于结果，PDINN:HB 混合 ETL 使基于 PM6:C5-16 体异质结和 PM6/L8-BO 伪体异质结的 OSC 的功率转换效率 (PCE) 从 17.8% 提高到 18.4% 和 18.8% 到 19.4%，分别。通过将一系列溴化季铵盐引入PDINN，进一步验证了该方法的通用性，与参考装置相比，获得了优异的PCE和稳定性。