There is growing awareness that a proportion of children in orphanages have been recruited or transferred into the facility for a purpose of exploitation and/or profit. These children are often falsely presented as orphans to evoke sympathy and solicit funding. This process is known as orphanage trafficking. Although orphanage trafficking can be prosecuted under legal frameworks in some jurisdictions, including Cambodia, there have been limited prosecutions to date. One factor that likely contributes to a lack of prosecution is poor detection, yet the indicators of orphanage trafficking have not been considered by extant research. The current study was conducted as a first step towards providing evidence-based indicators of orphanage trafficking. Professionals who had identified or responded to cases of orphanage-based exploitation in Cambodia were interviewed. Participants included criminal justice professionals, investigators from civil society organisations, and child protection social workers. Professionals' perspectives on how to identify orphanage trafficking were explored via in-depth interviews, and the data were analysed via thematic analysis. The analysis revealed a distinct set of indicators that may be used to detect orphanage trafficking, including the operation of an unauthorised facility, orphanage tourism and volunteering, and an overt focus on fundraising. The indicators revealed in this study point to the need for an effective and thorough monitoring system for orphanages, as well as adequate education and training of relevant personnel to aid in the detection of orphanage trafficking.

中文翻译：

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侦查孤儿院贩卖和剥削行为

人们越来越意识到，孤儿院中的一部分儿童是出于剥削和/或利润的目的而被招募或转移到该机构的。这些儿童常常被错误地描述为孤儿，以博取同情并寻求资助。这个过程被称为孤儿院贩运。尽管在包括柬埔寨在内的一些司法管辖区，可以根据法律框架对孤儿院贩运行为进行起诉，但迄今为止，起诉的情况还很有限。可能导致缺乏起诉的因素之一是侦查不力，但现有研究尚未考虑到孤儿院贩运的指标。目前的研究是提供基于证据的孤儿院贩运指标的第一步。采访了曾发现或应对柬埔寨孤儿院剥削案件的专业人士。参与者包括刑事司法专业人士、民间社会组织的调查人员以及儿童保护社会工作者。通过深度访谈探讨了专业人士对如何识别孤儿院拐卖行为的看法，并通过专题分析对数据进行了分析。分析揭示了一组可用于侦查孤儿院贩运活动的独特指标，包括未经授权的设施的运营、孤儿院旅游和志愿服务以及对筹款的公开关注。本研究揭示的指标表明，需要对孤儿院建立有效、彻底的监测系统，并对相关人员进行充分的教育和培训，以帮助侦破孤儿院贩运活动。