Mosquito surveillance for vector-borne disease management relies on traditional morphological and molecular techniques, which are tedious, time-consuming, and costly. The present study describes a simple and efficient recording device that analyzes mosquito sound to estimate species composition, male-female ratio, fed-unfed status, and harmonic convergence interaction using fundamental frequency () bandwidth, harmonics, amplitude, and combinations of these parameters. The study examined a total of 19 mosquito species, including 3 species of , 7 species of , 1 species of , 5 species of , 1 species of , and 2 species of . Among them, the ranges between 269.09 ± 2.96 Hz () to 567.51 ± 3.82 Hz () and the harmonic band () number ranges from 5 () to 12 (). In terms of species identification, the success rate was 95.32 % with , 84.79 % with bandwidth, 84.79 % with harmonic band () diversity, and 49.7 % with amplitude (). The species identification rate has gone up to 96.50 % and 97.66 % with the ratio and multiplication of and , respectively. This is because of the matrices that combine multiple sound attributes. Comparatively, combinations of the amplitude of the and the higher harmonic frequency band were non-significant for species identification (60.82 %). The fed females have shown a considerable increase in in comparison to the unfed. The males of all the species possessed significantly higher frequencies with respect to the females. Interestingly, the presence of male-female of together showed harmonic convergence between the 2nd and 3rd harmonic bands. In conclusion, the sound-based technology is simple, precise, and cost-effective and provides better resolution for species, sex, and fed-unfed status detection in comparison to conventional methods. Real-time surveillance of mosquitoes could potentially utilize this technology.

中文翻译：

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利用嗡嗡声监测蚊子

用于控制媒介传播疾病的蚊子监测依赖于传统的形态学和分子技术，这些技术繁琐、耗时且昂贵。本研究描述了一种简单而高效的记录设备，该设备可以分析蚊子的声音，以利用基频 () 带宽、谐波、振幅以及这些参数的组合来估计物种组成、雌雄比例、进食/未进食状态以及谐波收敛相互作用。该研究共检测了 19 种蚊子，包括 3 种、7 种、1 种、5 种、1 种和 2 种。其中，范围为269.09±2.96Hz()至567.51±3.82Hz()，谐波频带()数范围为5()至12()。在物种识别方面，使用 的成功率为 95.32%，使用带宽的成功率为 84.79%，使用谐波带 () 多样性的成功率为 84.79%，使用振幅 () 的成功率为 49.7%。随着 和 的比值和倍数的增加，物种识别率分别达到 96.50 % 和 97.66 %。这是因为组合了多个声音属性的矩阵。相比之下， 和高次谐波频带的幅度组合对于物种识别不显着 (60.82 %)。与未喂食的相比，喂食的雌性表现出相当大的增加。所有物种的雄性的频率明显高于雌性。有趣的是，男性和女性的存在一起显示了第二和第三谐波频带之间的谐波收敛。总之，与传统方法相比，基于声音的技术简单、精确且具有成本效益，并且为物种、性别和进食-未进食状态检测提供了更好的分辨率。蚊子的实时监测可能会利用这项技术。