The rapid evolution of energy storage devices, driven by increasing demands for prolonged battery life in electronics as well as sustainable energy solutions has elevated lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to prominence in modern energy systems. With electric vehicle sales and LIB demand surging, the need for high-performing batteries is at an all-time high. However, critical issues with LIBs have become apparent, particularly in energy degradation due to poor mass transport, emphasising the need for advancements in electrode design. This review explores the influence of electrode structural factors on mass transport properties, with a specific focus on the latest developments in three-dimensional (3D) battery electrodes featuring diverse pore arrangements—ranging from random to ordered pores or porosity gradients. The review delves into recent breakthroughs achieved through structural diversification by applying an inverse design to Proximity-field nanoPatterning (PnP), laying the groundwork for collaborative efforts aimed at advancing energy storage technologies. Various fabrication methods for 3D electrodes are discussed, highlighting the promising role of integrating the PnP technique with computational algorithms to enhance the precision and design capabilities of 3D nanostructures.

中文翻译：

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迈向最佳 3D 电池电极架构：将结构工程与人工智能驱动的优化相结合

在电子产品和可持续能源解决方案对延长电池寿命的需求日益增长的推动下，储能设备快速发展，使锂离子电池 (LIB) 在现代能源系统中占据重要地位。随着电动汽车销量和锂离子电池需求的激增，对高性能电池的需求空前高涨。然而，锂离子电池的关键问题已经变得显而易见，特别是由于传质不良导致的能量退化，这凸显了电极设计进步的必要性。本综述探讨了电极结构因素对传质性能的影响，特别关注具有多种孔隙排列（从随机孔隙到有序孔隙或孔隙率梯度）的三维（3D）电池电极的最新发展。该评论深入探讨了最近通过将逆向设计应用于邻近场纳米图案（PnP）而实现的结构多样化突破，为旨在推进储能技术的合作努力奠定了基础。讨论了 3D 电极的各种制造方法，强调了将 PnP 技术与计算算法相结合以提高 3D 纳米结构的精度和设计能力的前景。