This study aims to measure how far 26 EU countries are from the safe and just space (SJS) defined in the Doughnut Economics framework by calculating the distance for all social and environmental dimensions and using two synthetic indices for safe space and just space. The distance was measured as a percentage of the threshold to be reached. Therefore, all indicators were interpreted in the same way. Cluster analysis was used to identify countries that displayed similar behaviours. The results showed that none of the countries analysed fall within this space. The environmental and social dimensions that most transgress were identified: CO2 emissions, biochemical flows, and social equality. The groups with the worst results were made up of countries from Southeast and East Europe, and Ireland and Luxembourg, while the best results were from Western Europe, Nordic countries and Slovenia. In conclusion, environmental transgressions and social deprivations exist in all European countries, but prosperity can be achieved through different socioeconomic models, and a high GDP does not correspond to greater sustainability. This information is valuable for the design of public policies aimed at ensuring that European society lives in the Safe and Just Space.

中文翻译：

---

欧洲国家距离甜甜圈型安全公正空间还有多远？来自 26 个欧盟国家的证据

本研究旨在通过计算所有社会和环境维度的距离并使用安全空间和公正空间两个综合指数来衡量 26 个欧盟国家距离甜甜圈经济学框架中定义的安全和公正空间（SJS）有多远。距离以要达到的阈值的百分比来测量。因此，所有指标都以相同的方式解释。聚类分析用于识别表现出类似行为的国家。结果显示，所分析的国家均不属于这一范围。确定了最违反的环境和社会维度：二氧化碳排放、生化流动和社会平等。成绩最差的是东南欧、东欧国家、爱尔兰和卢森堡，成绩最好的是西欧、北欧国家和斯洛文尼亚。总之，所有欧洲国家都存在环境违法和社会剥夺，但繁荣可以通过不同的社会经济模式实现，高GDP并不意味着更高的可持续性。这些信息对于设计旨在确保欧洲社会生活在安全和公正空间的公共政策非常有价值。