Sepsis represents a critical medical condition stemming from an imbalanced host immune response to infections, which is linked to a significant burden of disease. Despite substantial efforts in laboratory and clinical research, sepsis remains a prominent contributor to mortality worldwide. Nanotechnology presents innovative opportunities for the advancement of sepsis diagnosis and treatment. Due to their unique properties, including diversity, ease of synthesis, biocompatibility, high specificity, and excellent pharmacological efficacy, peptides hold great potential as part of nanotechnology approaches against sepsis. Herein, we present a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the applications of peptides in nanosystems for combating sepsis, with the potential to expedite diagnosis and enhance management outcomes. Firstly, sepsis pathophysiology, antisepsis drug targets, current modalities in management and diagnosis with their limitations, and the potential of peptides to advance the diagnosis and management of sepsis have been adequately addressed. The applications have been organized into diagnostic or managing applications, with the last one being further sub-organized into nano-delivered bioactive peptides with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory activity, peptides as targeting moieties on the surface of nanosystems against sepsis, and peptides as nanocarriers for antisepsis agents. The studies have been grouped thematically and discussed, emphasizing the constructed nanosystem, physicochemical properties, and peptide-imparted enhancement in diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. The strengths, limitations, and research gaps in each section have been elaborated. Finally, current challenges and potential future paths to enhance the use of peptides in nanosystems for combating sepsis have been deliberately spotlighted. This review reaffirms peptides' potential as promising biomaterials within nanotechnology strategies aimed at improving sepsis diagnosis and management. • Due to their unique characteristics, Peptides hold significant promise as part of nanotechnology approaches for diagnosing and treating sepsis, a current leading global killer. • Various diagnostic nanotools utilizing peptides as pathogen recognition moieties can improve the pathogen capturing efficiency for sepsis diagnosis. • Nano-delivery can overcome the limitations of bioactive peptides and enhance their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy in sepsis management. • Peptides offer significant capabilities as targeting moieties and nanocarriers to augment the effectiveness of antisepsis agents. • Future research identified can potentiate the applications of peptides for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.

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肽在纳米系统中用于诊断和治疗细菌性败血症的应用

脓毒症是一种因宿主对感染的免疫反应失衡而引起的严重医疗状况，这与重大的疾病负担有关。尽管在实验室和临床研究方面付出了巨大努力，脓毒症仍然是全世界死亡的一个主要原因。纳米技术为脓毒症诊断和治疗的进步提供了创新机会。由于其独特的性质，包括多样性、易于合成、生物相容性、高特异性和优异的药理功效，肽作为纳米技术治疗脓毒症方法的一部分具有巨大的潜力。在此，我们对肽在纳米系统中对抗脓毒症的应用进行了全面且最新的综述，具有加快诊断和提高治疗效果的潜力。首先，脓毒症病理生理学、抗菌药物靶点、当前治疗和诊断方式及其局限性，以及肽促进脓毒症诊断和治疗的潜力已得到充分解决。这些应用程序已被组织为诊断或管理应用程序，最后一个应用程序被进一步细分为具有抗菌或抗炎活性的纳米递送生物活性肽、作为纳米系统表面上对抗败血症的靶向部分的肽以及作为纳米载体的肽用于防腐剂。这些研究按主题进行分组和讨论，强调构建的纳米系统、理化特性以及肽在诊断和治疗功效方面的增强。详细阐述了每个部分的优势、局限性和研究差距。最后，重点关注了当前的挑战和增强纳米系统中肽的使用以对抗败血症的潜在未来途径。本综述重申了肽在旨在改善脓毒症诊断和管理的纳米技术策略中作为有前途的生物材料的潜力。 • 由于其独特的特性，肽作为诊断和治疗脓毒症（当前全球主要杀手）的纳米技术方法的一部分具有重大前景。 • 利用肽作为病原体识别部分的各种诊断纳米工具可以提高败血症诊断的病原体捕获效率。 • 纳米递送可以克服生物活性肽的局限性，并增强其在脓毒症治疗中的抗菌和抗炎功效。 • 肽作为靶向部分和纳米载体具有显着的功能，可增强抗菌剂的有效性。 • 未来的研究可以增强肽在脓毒症诊断和治疗中的应用。