Ion-selective electrodes have become the largest and most widely utilized category of electrochemical sensors since the end of the last century, marked by the introduction of solid-contact electrodes. Ongoing research in potentiometric sensors predominantly focuses on innovating new variations or emerging trends of solid contact to yield devices with improved analytical parameters. Many advanced ion selective electrodes (ISEs) have proven to be highly effective in pharmaceutical practical applications. The inherent advantages of ISEs, including their simplicity, affordability, rapid analysis, precision and accuracy, on-site monitoring, acceptable limit of detection (LOD), wide linear range, and selectivity, make them promising candidates for pharmaceutical analysis. While numerous review articles have been published in recent years, addressing topics such as membrane materials, ionophores, functional materials, and applications in various fields, there seems to be a gap in the literature when it comes to a comprehensive review summarizing the extensive utilization of various solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) in pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications, based on our current knowledge. Therefore, this review article aims to fill this gap by focusing on advancements made in the past six years in the detection capabilities of SC-ISEs within pharmaceuticals. This review article provides an overview of the traditional and modified various types of SC-ISC viz carbonaceous, metal/metal oxide, composite based, and polymer-based ISE used for pharmaceutical analysis with their detection limit, stability, recovery, and target matrix sensing. Introduction of new materials viz. MXene and other polymeric materials give new dimensions in the future to enhance the selectivity and sensitivity of ISEs. Sensors developed with ISE have extraordinary potential to reduce the LOD of different surface modifications down to the pM level. They have the ability to perform analyses directly on the sample without requiring pretreatment in diagnostic laboratories. The intent is to provide an up-to-date and thorough overview of the progress made in the development of these electrodes, enhancing performance and accessibility in this specific area of research.

中文翻译：

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离子选择性电极在制药应用中的新趋势

自上世纪末以来，以固体接触电极的引入为标志，离子选择性电极已成为规模最大、应用最广泛的电化学传感器类别。正在进行的电位传感器研究主要集中于创新固体接触的新变化或新兴趋势，以生产具有改进分析参数的设备。许多先进的离子选择性电极 (ISE) 已被证明在制药实际应用中非常有效。 ISE 的固有优势，包括其简单性、经济性、快速分析、精密度和准确度、现场监测、可接受的检测限 (LOD)、宽线性范围和选择性，使它们成为药物分析的有前途的候选者。尽管近年来发表了大量综述文章，涉及膜材料、离子载体、功能材料以及在各个领域的应用等主题，但在总结膜材料的广泛应用的综合综述方面，文献似乎存在空白。根据我们现有的知识，制药和生物医学应用中的各种固体接触离子选择电极 (SC-ISE)。因此，这篇综述文章旨在通过重点关注过去六年在药物 SC-ISE 检测能力方面取得的进步来填补这一空白。本文概述了用于药物分析的传统和改良的各种类型 SC-ISC，即碳质、金属/金属氧化物、复合材料和聚合物 ISE 及其检测限、稳定性、回收率和目标基质传感。新材料的引入即。 MXene 和其他聚合物材料为未来提供了新的维度，以提高 ISE 的选择性和灵敏度。使用 ISE 开发的传感器具有非凡的潜力，可以将不同表面修饰的 LOD 降低至 pM 水平。他们能够直接对样品进行分析，无需在诊断实验室进行预处理。目的是提供这些电极开发进展的最新且全面的概述，从而提高该特定研究领域的性能和可及性。