Andr. is an endemic shrub flower in China with 2n = 10. This study used 228 cultivars from four populations, i.e., Jiangnan, Japan, Northwest, and Zhongyuan, as materials to explore the genetic diversity levels among different populations of tree peony varieties. The results showed that 34 bands were amplified using five pairs of cpSSR primers, with an average of 6.8 bands per primer pair. The average number of different alleles (), effective alleles (), Shannon's information index (), diversity (), and polymorphic information content () were 3.600, 2.053, 0.708, 0.433, and 0.388, respectively. The value was between 0.250 and 0.500, indicating a moderate level of polymorphism for the five cpSSR primer pairs. The genetic diversity levels of peony cultivars varied among different populations, with the Northwest population showing relatively lower levels ( = 0.590, = 0.289, and = 0.263). A total of 52 haplotypes were identified in the four examined populations, and the number of haplotypes per population ranged from 11 to 22. Forty-four private haplotypes were detected across populations, and the Northwest population exhibiting the highest count of private haplotypes with 17. The mean number of effective number of haplotypes (), haplotypic richness (), and diversity () were 8.351, 6.824, and 0.893, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that genetic variation within tree peony germplasm was greater than that between germplasm resources, and the main variation was found within individuals of peony germplasm. Cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis, and genetic structure analysis classified tree peonies from different origins into two groups, indicating a certain degree of genetic differentiation among these four tree peony cultivation groups. This study provides a theoretical basis for the exploration, utilization, and conservation of peony germplasm resources, as well as for research on the breeding of excellent varieties.

中文翻译：

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通过叶绿体 DNA 简单序列重复 (cpSSR) 分析牡丹遗传多样性和群体遗传结构

安德烈.是我国特有的灌木花卉，2n=10。本研究以江南、日本、西北、中原4个居群的228个品种为材料，探讨牡丹品种不同居群间的遗传多样性水平。结果显示，5对cpSSR引物共扩增出34条带，平均每对引物扩增出6.8条带。平均不同等位基因数()、有效等位基因()、香农信息指数()、多样性()和多态信息含量()分别为3.600、2.053、0.708、0.433和0.388。该值介于 0.250 和 0.500 之间，表明 5 个 cpSSR 引物对具有中等水平的多态性。不同居群间牡丹品种的遗传多样性水平存在差异，其中西北居群的遗传多样性水平相对较低（=0.590、=0.289、=0.263）。在四个检查人群中总共鉴定出 52 个单倍型，每个人群的单倍型数量从 11 到 22 个不等。在人群中检测到 44 个私人单倍型，西北人群的私人单倍型数量最多，有 17 个。单倍型有效数()、单倍型丰富度()和多样性()的平均数分别为8.351、6.824和0.893。分子变异分析表明，牡丹种质资源内部的遗传变异大于种质资源之间的遗传变异，且主要变异出现在牡丹种质个体内部。聚类分析、主坐标分析和遗传结构分析将不同产地的牡丹分为两个类群，表明这四个牡丹栽培类群之间存在一定程度的遗传分化。本研究为牡丹种质资源的开发、利用和保存以及优良品种选育研究提供理论依据。