In the last decade, there has been a significant move toward healthy lifestyle habits and dietary choices, accelerating the global demand, market trade, and consumption of Ready-To-Eat Fresh Produce (RTEFP), including leafy green vegetables, salads, and fruits. However, consumption of such food items may result in human exposure to foodborne pathogens due to minimal processing and the lack of microbial inactivation steps during their preparation. This review summarises the key enteric pathogens potentially contaminating RTEFP, discusses safety risk factors, sources, and transmission, and summarises existing quantitative microbial risk assessment approaches used to model pathogenic loads. A strategic literature search across different scientific databases collated and presented the current state of knowledge for the present review. The research found that on the one hand, several possible contamination routes such as soil, irrigation water, and manure can introduce human pathogenic microorganisms in the pre-harvest stage; on the other, the temperature, storage, packaging, and sanitation processes of the fresh produce chain may affect the growth kinetics of microbes during the post-harvest stage. Many uncertainties and variabilities are likely to be present in microbial growth/ decay/ post-harvest storage/ inactivation data. In addition, the creation of full-spectra dose-response models of pathogens based on transmission routes, response type, and appropriate host species requires future research. Therefore, applying probabilistic/ stochastic quantitative microbial risk assessment models, including the Monte Carlo simulation approach, can benefit the identification and quantification of potential microbiological hazards across the farm-to-fork chain in RTEFP.

中文翻译：

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与即食新鲜农产品 (RTEFP) 相关的微生物风险 – 关注温带气候条件

在过去的十年中，健康的生活方式和饮食选择发生了重大变化，加速了即食新鲜农产品 (RTEFP)（包括绿叶蔬菜、沙拉和水果）的全球需求、市场贸易和消费。然而，由于加工过程最少且在制备过程中缺乏微生物灭活步骤，食用此类食品可能会导致人类接触食源性病原体。本综述总结了可能污染 RTEFP 的关键肠道病原体，讨论了安全风险因素、来源和传播，并总结了用于模拟病原负荷的现有定量微生物风险评估方法。对不同科学数据库的战略文献检索整理并呈现了本综述的当前知识状态。研究发现，一方面，土壤、灌溉水、粪便等几种可能的污染途径可以在收获前阶段引入人类病原微生物；另一方面，生鲜农产品链的温度、储存、包装和卫生过程可能会影响收获后阶段微生物的生长动力学。微生物生长/腐烂/收获后储存/失活数据中可能存在许多不确定性和变异性。此外，根据传播途径、反应类型和适当的宿主物种创建病原体的全谱剂量反应模型需要未来的研究。因此，应用概率/随机定量微生物风险评估模型，包括蒙特卡罗模拟方法，有利于识别和量化 RTEFP 中从农场到餐桌链的潜在微生物危害。