Populist attitudes are frequently tied to a specific social position, namely the constituent’s status as a “loser of globalization.” Adding nuance to this explanatory framework, we investigate whether and how resentment mediates between social positions and populist attitudes. We distinguish three constitutive components of resentment—status insecurity, relative deprivation, and powerlessness—and analyze to what extent these sentiments explain the prevalence of two key populist attitudes: anti-elitism and demands for popular sovereignty. Using survey data from the Belgian National Election Study 2014, we show that although both populist attitudes are more likely among individuals of low socioeconomic status, this effect is mediated by a sense of group relative deprivation (anti-elitism and popular sovereignty) and feelings of powerlessness (anti-elitism). The effect of individual-level status insecurities on populist attitudes is, however, not significant. These results suggest that people do not simply adhere to antagonistic and people-centric views about politics because they experience economic precariousness; they embrace populist attitudes if their vulnerability is perceived in terms of a threatened sense of group position and understood as the outcome of an unjust society, wherein they feel powerless to alter their circumstances.

中文翻译：

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三管齐下的怨恨：地位不安全感、相对剥夺感和无力感如何在社会地位和民粹主义态度之间发挥作用

民粹主义态度常常与特定的社会地位联系在一起，即选民作为“全球化失败者”的地位。我们在这个解释框架中添加了细微差别，研究了怨恨是否以及如何在社会立场和民粹主义态度之间发挥作用。我们区分了怨恨的三个组成部分——地位不安全、相对剥夺和无力——并分析这些情绪在多大程度上解释了两种关键民粹主义态度的盛行：反精英主义和对人民主权的要求。利用 2014 年比利时全国选举研究的调查数据，我们表明，尽管这两种民粹主义态度在社会经济地位较低的个人中更有可能出现，但这种影响是由群体相对剥夺感（反精英主义和人民主权）和个人感觉所介导的。无能为力（反精英主义）。然而，个人层面的地位不安全感对民粹主义态度的影响并不显着。这些结果表明，人们不仅仅因为经历了经济不稳定而坚持对立的和以人为本的政治观点；如果他们的脆弱性被视为群体地位受到威胁的感觉，并被理解为不公正社会的结果，他们感到无力改变自己的处境，那么他们就会接受民粹主义态度。