BackgroundPrevious meta‐analyses may have overestimated the prevalence of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prisoners by including data from selected samples.AimsTo estimate the prevalence of ADHD in unselected samples of adults in prison and examine potential sources of heterogeneity by meta‐regression and subgroup analyses.MethodsWe assessed all studies included in a 2018 systematic review for eligibility and updated the literature search to include studies published up to September 2023.ResultsA total of 11 studies reporting robust diagnostic data on ADHD in 3919 unselected adults in prison were included. In meta‐regression, ADHD prevalence did not differ between men and women but it was significantly higher in studies using a two‐phase design. In random sampling studies, the pooled prevalence of ADHD was 8.3% (95% CI: 3.8–12.8) which was further halved after the removal of an outlier.ConclusionOne in 12 adults in prison have been diagnosed with ADHD. Our findings highlight the importance of using clear and consistent inclusion criteria in meta‐analyses of prevalence.

中文翻译：

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成年囚犯注意力缺陷多动障碍的患病率：更新的荟萃分析

背景以前的荟萃分析可能高估了囚犯中注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的患病率，因为纳入了选定样本的数据。目的估计监狱中未选定的成年人样本中 ADHD 的患病率，并通过荟萃回归检查异质性的潜在来源方法我们评估了 2018 年系统评价中纳入的所有研究的资格，并更新了文献检索以纳入截至 2023 年 9 月发表的研究。结果 总共纳入了 11 项研究，报告了 3919 名未经选择的监狱成年人关于 ADHD 的可靠诊断数据。在荟萃回归中，男性和女性之间的 ADHD 患病率没有差异，但在使用两阶段设计的研究中显着更高。在随机抽样研究中，ADHD 的汇总患病率为 8.3%（95% CI：3.8-12.8），在去除异常值后进一步减半。 结论 监狱中每 12 名成年人就有 1 人被诊断为 ADHD。我们的研究结果强调了在患病率荟萃分析中使用清晰一致的纳入标准的重要性。