The electrolysis of seawater has become a preferred method for hydrogen production since the current shortage of freshwater resources, offering an effective strategy to address the energy crisis. Nevertheless, this technology is limited by the following two factors: (i) low stability of catalytic materials at high-current density and (ii) accelerated corrosion rate of the electrode due to high concentrations of chloride ions (Cl⁻). Herein, an ultrafine phosphorus (P) and ruthenium (Ru) co-doped cerium dioxide (CeO₂) self-supporting electrode (P, Ru–CeO₂) was constructed via a high-pressure treatment strategy. Under the oxygen vacancies (O_v) in the CeO₂ support and the anionic protective layer formed by the P–O bond, the electrode exhibits exceptional catalytic activity and durability in saline-alkali water, which only requires 291 mV to reach 1000 mA cm⁻² in 1 M KOH + 1.5 M NaCl electrolyte. Besides, the electrode could operate stably at 1000 mA cm⁻² over 100 h without significant attenuation, which can reach the level of industrial water electrolysis. This work presents a novel approach to designing and engineering excellent catalysts for industrial water electrolysis.

中文翻译：

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高效耐用的 P、Ru-CeO2 自支撑电极可实现工业级制氢

在当前淡水资源短缺的情况下，海水电解已成为制氢的首选方法，为解决能源危机提供了有效策略。然而，该技术受到以下两个因素的限制：（i）催化材料在高电流密度下稳定性低；（ii）由于高浓度的氯离子（Cl ^- ）而加速电极的腐蚀速率。在此，通过高压处理策略构建了超细磷（P）和钌（Ru）共掺杂二氧化铈（CeO ₂）自支撑电极（P，Ru-CeO ₂ ）。在CeO ₂载体中的氧空位（O _v ）和P-O键形成的阴离子保护层的作用下，该电极在盐碱水中表现出优异的催化活性和耐久性，仅需291 mV即可达到1000 mA cm ⁻²在 1 M KOH + 1.5 M NaCl 电解质中。此外，该电极可在1000 mA cm ^-2下稳定工作100 h，且无明显衰减，可达到工业水电解水平。这项工作提出了一种设计和工程工业水电解优异催化剂的新方法。