The study of pedestrian behaviour in a fire emergency is essential for effectively reducing the number of casualties. However, most studies only consider the effect of fire on pedestrian behaviour and ignore the effect of a fire emergency on pedestrian psychology. In this study, we introduce a method of assessing the pedestrian time pressure within a cellular automaton model using the available safe egress time and required safe egress time in fire evacuations. Moreover, a more realistic reflection of the evacuation process in a fire emergency is obtained by introducing Pyrosim to compute the fire floor field and by proposing a sequential update method based on time pressure. To assess the model, we conduct sensitivity analyses on model parameters across various environmental configurations. Numerical simulation results show that fire accelerates the evacuation rate and radiated heat transfer and temperature have the greatest effects on the time pressure of pedestrians in a fire evacuation. The distribution of pedestrians is U-shaped owing to fire avoidance behaviour and in the later stage of evacuation, pedestrians keeping away from heated walls. The trend of time pressure over time has a bimodal distribution as pedestrians initially pass the fire and the environment then becomes untenable as the fire fully develops. In addition, the exit location affects the evacuation process, with a symmetrical positioning improving the evacuation efficiency. We verify the model in a series of physical experiments. The agreement between the numerical simulation results and experimental results demonstrates that the time pressure-based model is suitable for simulating the route choice behaviour and evacuation process in fire emergencies.

中文翻译：

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开发基于时间压力的模型来模拟火灾紧急情况下的疏散

研究火灾紧急情况下的行人行为对于有效减少伤亡人数至关重要。然而，大多数研究只考虑火灾对行人行为的影响，而忽略火灾紧急情况对行人心理的影响。在本研究中，我们介绍了一种使用火灾疏散中可用的安全疏散时间和所需的安全疏散时间来评估元胞自动机模型内的行人时间压力的方法。此外，通过引入Pyrosim计算火灾楼层场并提出基于时间压力的顺序更新方法，更真实地反映火灾紧急情况下的疏散过程。为了评估模型，我们对各种环境配置下的模型参数进行敏感性分析。数值模拟结果表明，火灾加速了疏散速度，辐射传热和温度对火灾疏散中行人的时间压力影响最大。由于避火行为以及疏散后期行人远离发热墙壁，行人分布呈U型。随着时间的推移，时间压力的趋势呈双峰分布，因为行人最初经过火场，然后随着火势的全面发展，环境变得难以维持。此外，出口位置影响疏散过程，对称布置可提高疏散效率。我们通过一系列物理实验验证了该模型。数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合，表明基于时间压力的模型适合模拟火灾紧急情况下的路径选择行为和疏散过程。