Aims Probiotics with high bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity have shown to promote cardiovascular health. However, their mechanism(s) of action remain poorly understood. Here, we performed a pilot exploratory study to investigate effects of a 4-week intervention with escalating doses of a BSH-active formula containing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains KABP011, KABP012 and KABP013 on bile acid (BA), lipid profile and lipoprotein function. Methods and Results Healthy overweight individuals were included in this study. The probiotic intake was associated to a progressive decrease of conjugated BAs in serum, due to the reduction of tauro- and glyco-conjugated forms. Plasma levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor-19 (FGF-19) were significantly reduced, and correlated with BA changes. The probiotic induced significant changes in serum lipids, with reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDLc) and LDL-cholesterol (LDLc) levels. The largest decrease was evidenced in the subgroup with higher baseline LDL levels (LDLc > 130 mg/dL). Fasting levels of circulating apolipoprotein(Apo) B100 and ApoB48 were significantly reduced. Importantly, the decrease in non-HDLc levels was associated with a significant reduction in small-LDL particles. Functional testing indicated that LDL particles had a significantly lower susceptibility to oxidation whilst HDL particles gained antioxidant capacity after the probiotic intake. The microbiota profile in faeces collected at the end of the study was enriched with members of class Desulfovibrio, a taurine-consuming bacteria, likely because of the increase in free taurine in the gut due to the BSH activity of the probiotic. Conclusions The intervention with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains induces beneficial effects on BA signature and lipoprotein profile. It reduces ApoB and small-LDL levels and LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and increases HDL antioxidant capacity. These metabolic profile changes suggest increased protection against atherosclerotic disease.

中文翻译：

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植物乳杆菌菌株 KABP011、KABP012 和 KABP013 调节人类胆汁酸和胆固醇代谢

目的 具有高胆汁盐水解酶 (BSH) 活性的益生菌已被证明可以促进心血管健康。然而，它们的作用机制仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们进行了一项试点探索性研究，以调查使用含有植物乳杆菌菌株 KABP011、KABP012 和 KABP013 的 BSH 活性配方剂量递增进行为期 4 周的干预对胆汁酸 (BA)、脂质谱和脂蛋白功能的影响。方法和结果 本研究包括健康超重个体。由于牛磺基和糖基结合形式的减少，益生菌的摄入量与血清中结合的 BA 的逐渐减少有关。成纤维细胞生长因子-19 (FGF-19) 的血浆水平显着降低，并与 BA 变化相关。益生菌引起血清脂质显着变化，降低非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（non-HDLc）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLc）水平。最大的下降出现在具有较高基线LDL水平(LDLc＞130mg/dL)的亚组中。循环载脂蛋白 (Apo) B100 和 ApoB48 的空腹水平显着降低。重要的是，非 HDLc 水平的降低与小 LDL 颗粒的显着减少相关。功能测试表明，摄入益生菌后，低密度脂蛋白颗粒的氧化敏感性显着降低，而高密度脂蛋白颗粒则获得了抗氧化能力。研究结束时收集的粪便中的微生物群富含脱硫弧菌（Desulfovibrio）（一种消耗牛磺酸的细菌）的成员，这可能是由于益生菌的 BSH 活性导致肠道中游离牛磺酸的增加。结论 植物乳杆菌菌株的干预可对 BA 特征和脂蛋白谱产生有益影响。它降低 ApoB 和小 LDL 水平以及 LDL 对氧化的敏感性，并提高 HDL 抗氧化能力。这些代谢特征的变化表明对动脉粥样硬化疾病的保护作用增强。