Livestock manure often contains various pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate how adding amoxicillin (AMX), Cu, and both AMX and Cu (ACu) affected humification during composting and the microbial mechanisms involved. The cellulose degradation rates were 16.96%, 10.86%, and 9.01% lower, the humic acid contents were 18.71%, 12.89%, and 16.78% lower, and the humification degrees were 24.72%, 24.16%, and 15.73% lower for the AMX, Cu, and ACu treatments, respectively, than the control. Adding AMX and Cu separately or together inhibited humic acid formation and decreased the degree of humification, but the degree of humification was decreased less by ACu than by AMX or Cu separately. The ACu treatment decreased the number of core bacteria involved in humic acid formation and decreased carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism during the maturing period, and thereby delayed humic acid formation and humification. The results support composting manure containing AMX and Cu.

中文翻译：

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阿莫西林和铜对奶牛粪便堆肥过程中腐殖化负面影响的微生物机制

畜禽粪便中常常含有各种污染物。本研究的目的是调查添加阿莫西林 (AMX)、Cu 以及 AMX 和 Cu (ACu) 如何影响堆肥过程中的腐殖化以及所涉及的微生物机制。 AMX的纤维素降解率分别降低16.96%、10.86%和9.01%，腐殖酸含量分别降低18.71%、12.89%和16.78%，腐殖化度分别降低24.72%、24.16%和15.73% 、Cu 和 ACu 处理分别优于对照。单独或一起添加AMX和Cu可抑制腐殖酸形成并降低腐殖化程度，但ACu对腐殖化程度的降低程度小于单独添加AMX或Cu。 ACu处理减少了参与腐殖酸形成的核心细菌的数量，并减少了成熟期碳水化合物和氨基酸的代谢，从而延迟了腐殖酸的形成和腐殖化。结果支持堆肥含有 AMX 和 Cu 的粪便。