Air pollution is a worldwide environmental problem with an impact on human health. Particulate matter of ten micrometers or less aerodynamic diameter (PM) as well as its fine fraction (PM) is related to multiple pulmonary diseases. The impact of air pollution in Mexico City, and importantly, particulate matter has been studied and considered as a risk factor for two decades ago. Previous studies have reported the composition of Mexico City particulate matter, as well as the biological effects induced by this material. However, material collected and used in previous studies is a limited resource, and sampling and particle recovery techniques have been improved. In this study, we describe the methods used in our laboratory for Mexico City airborne particulate matter PM and PM sampling, considering the years 2017, 2018 and 2019. We also analyzed the PM and PM samples obtained to determine their composition. Finally, we exposed lung cell line cultures to PM and PM to evaluate the biological effect of the material in terms of cell viability, cell death, inflammatory response, and cytogenetic alterations. Our results showed that PM composition includes inorganic, organic and biological compounds, while PM is a mixture of more enriched organic compounds. PM and PM treatment in lung cells does not significantly impact cell viability/cell death. However, PM and PM increase the secretion levels of IL-6. Moreover, PM as well as PM induce cytogenetic alterations, such as micronuclei, anaphase bridges, trinucleated cells and apoptotic cells in lung cells. Our results update the evidence of the composition and biological effects of Mexico City particulate matter and provide us a reliable basis for future approaches.

中文翻译：

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墨西哥城多个时期空气颗粒物的采样、成分和生物效应

空气污染是一个世界性的环境问题，影响人类健康。空气动力学直径（PM）及其细颗粒物（PM）在10微米以下的颗粒物与多种肺部疾病有关。墨西哥城空气污染的影响，尤其是颗粒物的影响，在二十年前就已经被研究并被视为一个风险因素。先前的研究报告了墨西哥城颗粒物的成分，以及该材料引起的生物效应。然而，以前的研究中收集和使用的材料是有限的资源，采样和颗粒回收技术已经得到改进。在这项研究中，我们描述了实验室在墨西哥城空气颗粒物 PM 和 PM 采样中使用的方法，考虑到 2017 年、2018 年和 2019 年。我们还分析了获得的 PM 和 PM 样本，以确定其成分。最后，我们将肺细胞系培养物暴露于 PM 和 PM，以评估材料在细胞活力、细胞死亡、炎症反应和细胞遗传学改变方面的生物效应。我们的研究结果表明，PM 成分包括无机、有机和生物化合物，而 PM 是更丰富的有机化合物的混合物。 PM 和 PM 处理肺细胞不会显着影响细胞活力/细胞死亡。然而，PM和PM会增加IL-6的分泌水平。此外，PM 以及 PM 诱导细胞遗传学改变，例如肺细胞中的微核、后期桥、三核细胞和凋亡细胞。我们的结果更新了墨西哥城颗粒物的成分和生物效应的证据，并为我们未来的方法提供了可靠的基础。