This study was designed to investigate the acute toxicity (mortality) and sublethal effects (fertility and potential natality) of carlina oxide, the main constituent of Carlina acaulis essential oil (EO), against adults of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Moreover, its toxicity was evaluated against two aphid natural enemies, i.e., Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The highest tested concentration (3.0 mL L⁻¹) resulted in 96.7% mortality of adults of the target pest, highlighting that this concentration of carlina oxide had a similar effectiveness as the positive control we used. Furthermore, probit analysis allowed the estimation of a LC₅₀ of 1.06 mL L⁻¹ and a LC₉₀ of 2.58 mL L⁻¹ for the target pest, which resulted in a much higher mortality rate than that found on natural enemies, i.e., A. aphidimyza (6.7 ± 4.7% ± SD when exposed to the aphid LC₉₀) and C. carnea (7.0 ± 5.5% ± SD when exposed to the aphid LC₉₀), showing the limited non-target impact of carlina oxide. The use of LC₃₀ and LC₅₀ of this compound allowed the fertility inhibition of the target pest by 35.68 ± 6.21% and 23.66 ± 10.58%, respectively, and potential natality inhibition of the target pest by 52.78 ± 4.48% and 59.69 ± 5.60%, respectively. Of note, carlina oxide showed excellent insecticidal activity against M. dirhodum, comparable to the commercial insecticide considered. Overall, the low toxicity of carlina oxide toward A. aphidimyza and C. carnea makes it a safe compound for non-target organisms as well as suitable for developing a green insecticide for the management of M. dirhodum and perhaps other insects of agricultural or medical and veterinary interest.

本研究旨在调查 Carlina Oxide（Carlina acaulis精油 (EO) 的主要成分）对Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker)（半翅目：蚜科）成虫的急性毒性（死亡率）和亚致死效应（生育力和潜在出生率） 。此外，还针对两种蚜虫天敌，即Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani（双翅目：Cecidomyiidae）和Chrysoperla carnea Stephens（Neuroptera：Chrysopidae）评估了其毒性。最高测试浓度（3.0 mL L ^-1）导致目标害虫成虫死亡率为 96.7%，这突出表明该浓度的 carlina Oxide 与我们使用的阳性对照具有相似的效果。此外，概率分析可以估计目标害虫的 LC ₅₀为 1.06 mL L ^-1，LC ₉₀为 2.58 mL L ^-1，这导致死亡率比天敌（即A）高得多。 . aphidimyza（当暴露于蚜虫 LC ₉₀时为 6.7 ± 4.7% ± SD ）和C. carnea（当暴露于蚜虫 LC ₉₀时为 7.0 ± 5.5% ± SD ），显示 carlina Oxide 的非目标影响有限。使用该化合物的 LC ₃₀和 LC ₅₀可使目标害虫的繁殖力分别抑制 35.68 ± 6.21% 和 23.66 ± 10.58%，并使目标害虫的潜在出生率抑制 52.78 ± 4.48% 和 59.69 ± 5.60% ， 分别。值得注意的是，Carlina Oxide 对M. dirhodum 显示出优异的杀虫活性，与所考虑的商业杀虫剂相当。总体而言，Carlina Oxide 对A. aphidimyza和C. carnea的低毒性使其成为对非目标生物体安全的化合物，并且适合开发用于管理M. dirhodum以及其他农业或医学昆虫的绿色杀虫剂和兽医的兴趣。