AimsTo explore the co‐occurrence of urinary incontinence and frailty by testing the roles of depression and activity engagement guided by the mechanisms of common cause and interaction pathways.DesignA secondary analysis of a 1‐year three‐wave panel data collected from older nursing home residents in China.MethodsChanges in depression and activity engagement were regressed on urinary incontinence and frailty incidence underpinned by the common cause mechanism of chronic conditions co‐occurrence, and these changes were also taken as mediators linking from frailty to urinary incontinence incidence supported by the interaction pathways' mechanism.ResultsA total of 348 older adults were included in this study, and 55.7% were women. The co‐occurrence of urinary incontinence and frailty was found in 16.7% of the participants at baseline. Older adults with sole frailty at baseline had almost twice the rate of incident urinary incontinence (32.7%) compared with those without (16.7%) over a 1‐year period. The subsample analyses showed that changes in depression and activity engagement failed to significantly predict the incidence of urinary incontinence and frailty. The mediating roles of these changes linking frailty to urinary incontinence incidence were also not statistically significant.ConclusionThe co‐occurrence of urinary incontinence and frailty is prevalent in older nursing home residents. Older adults with frailty at baseline are more likely to develop urinary incontinence a year later. The common cause and interaction pathways mechanisms for the co‐occurrence of urinary incontinence and frailty were not verified with changes in depression and activity engagement.Implications for the Profession and/or Patient CareThe phenomenon of urinary incontinence and frailty co‐occurrence should be given extreme emphasis. Although statistically significant findings on the roles of depression and activity engagement were not inferred, this study provides multiple possibilities for future studies to test and depict a clear picture of this co‐occurrence.Impact What problem did the study address? This study was designed to test the roles of depression and activity engagement in predicting the incidence of urinary incontinence and frailty, and the mediating roles in linking frailty to urinary incontinence incidence. What were the main findings? Despite the methodological pitfalls in literature have been addressed, neither depression nor activity engagement would significantly predict the incidence of urinary incontinence and frailty in older adults. Their mediating roles in linking frailty to urinary incontinence incidence were also not significant. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? Our findings add important pieces of evidence to promote researchers‘ understanding and provide an important basis for untangling the puzzle of urinary incontinence and frailty co‐occurrence. Reporting MethodThe report of this study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement guidelines.Patient or Public ContributionNo patient or public contribution.

中文翻译：

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一项旨在解开老年人尿失禁和虚弱同时发生之谜的研究：抑郁和活动参与的作用

目的 通过测试抑郁症和活动参与的作用，以常见原因和相互作用途径为指导，探讨尿失禁和虚弱的同时发生。设计对从老年疗养院居民收集的 1 年三波面板数据进行二次分析方法以慢性病同时发生的常见原因机制为基础，对抑郁和活动参与度的变化对尿失禁和虚弱发生率进行回归，并且这些变化也被视为在相互作用路径支持下从虚弱到尿失禁发生率的中介因素结果本研究共纳入348名老年人，其中女性占55.7%。基线时，16.7% 的参与者同时出现尿失禁和虚弱。一年内，基线时患有足底衰弱的老年人的尿失禁发生率 (32.7%) 几乎是没有尿失禁的老年人 (16.7%) 的两倍。子样本分析表明，抑郁和活动参与的变化未能显着预测尿失禁和虚弱的发生率。这些变化在虚弱与尿失禁发生率之间的中介作用也不具有统计学意义。结论尿失禁和虚弱同时发生在老年疗养院居民中很常见。基线时身体虚弱的老年人一年后更有可能出现尿失禁。尿失禁和虚弱同时发生的常见原因和相互作用途径机制尚未通过抑郁和活动参与的变化得到验证。对专业和/或患者护理的启示尿失禁和虚弱同时发生的现象应给予高度重视强调。尽管没有推断出关于抑郁和活动参与的作用的统计显着性发现，但这项研究为未来的研究提供了多种可能性，以测试和描绘这种同时发生的清晰画面。 该研究解决了什么问题？本研究旨在测试抑郁和活动参与在预测尿失禁和虚弱发生率中的作用，以及虚弱与尿失禁发生率之间的中介作用。 主要发现是什么？尽管文献中的方法论缺陷已经得到解决，但抑郁症和活动参与都不能显着预测老年人尿失禁和虚弱的发生率。它们在虚弱与尿失禁发生率之间的中介作用也不显着。 研究将在哪里以及对谁产生影响？我们的研究结果为促进研究人员的理解提供了重要的证据，并为解开尿失禁和虚弱同时发生的难题提供了重要基础。 报告方法本研究报告遵循加强流行病学观察研究报告（STROBE）声明指南。患者或公众贡献没有患者或公众贡献。