Exposure to deleterious stressors in early life, such as poor nutrition, underlies most adult-onset chronic diseases. As rates of chronic disease continue to climb in the United States, a focus on good nutrition before and during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood provides a potential opportunity to reverse this trend. This report provides an overview of nutrition investigations in pregnancy and early childhood and addresses racial disparities and health outcomes, current national guidelines, and barriers to achieving adequate nutrition in pregnant individuals and children. Current national policies and community interventions to improve nutrition, as well as the current state of nutrition education among healthcare professionals and students, are discussed. Major gaps in knowledge and implementation of nutrition practices during pregnancy and early childhood were identified and action goals were constructed. The action goals are intended to guide the development and implementation of critical nutritional strategies that bridge these gaps. Such goals create a national blueprint for improving the health of mothers and children by promoting long-term developmental outcomes that improve the overall health of the US population.

中文翻译：

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妊娠期和幼儿期实施良好营养的障碍：制定公平的国家解决方案

生命早期暴露于有害压力源（例如营养不良）是大多数成人慢性病的根源。随着美国慢性病发病率持续攀升，在怀孕前和怀孕期间、哺乳期和幼儿期注重良好营养提供了扭转这一趋势的潜在机会。本报告概述了妊娠期和幼儿期的营养调查，并讨论了种族差异和健康结果、现行国家指南以及孕妇和儿童实现充足营养的障碍。讨论了当前改善营养的国家政策和社区干预措施，以及医疗保健专业人员和学生营养教育的现状。确定了妊娠期和幼儿期营养实践知识和实施方面的主要差距，并制定了行动目标。行动目标旨在指导制定和实施弥合这些差距的关键营养战略。这些目标通过促进改善美国人口整体健康的长期发展成果，为改善母亲和儿童的健康制定了国家蓝图。