Amphibamiform temnospondyls are at the forefront of discourse surrounding modern amphibian evolutionary origins. Here we present a new amphibamiform, Kermitops gratus gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Clear Fork Formation of the Early Permian of Texas. Kermitops reveals a mosaic of features shared with other amphibamiforms and possesses unique characteristics, including an internarial fontanelle formed by the premaxillae without contribution of the nasals. It possibly possesses a basioccipital that contributes to the occipital condyle, which has significant implications for recent hypotheses of the evolution of the modern amphibian neurocranium. Parsimony analyses recover non-traditional amphibamiform relationships but place Kermitops within Amphibamiformes. Bayesian inference analysis captures a more traditional hypothesis of amphibamiform relationships; however, the time-calibrated analysis under the fossilized birth–death model recovers a topology that mirrors the parsimony topologies. The low robusticity of topologies across different permutations employing traditional and modern methods suggest a need for improvement of current morphological datasets of lissamphibian origins. A morphometric analysis of the crania of terrestrial amphibamiforms reveals the evolution of disparate cranial morphologies among coeval taxa from the Early Permian of Texas.

中文翻译：

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德克萨斯州早二叠世的一种新两栖动物阐明了陆地两栖动物的颅骨多样性模式

两栖类肢椎动物处于现代两栖动物进化起源讨论的最前沿。在这里，我们提出了一种新的两栖类动物，Kermitops gratus gen。等十一月，来自德克萨斯州早二叠世的下清叉地层。 Kermitops 展现了与其他两栖类动物共有的镶嵌特征，并具有独特的特征，包括由前上颌骨形成的内囟门，而没有鼻骨的贡献。它可能拥有一个构成枕骨髁的基枕骨，这对最近关于现代两栖动物神经颅骨进化的假设具有重要意义。简约分析恢复了非传统的两栖类关系，但将 Kermitops 置于两栖类中。贝叶斯推理分析捕捉了更传统的两栖类关系假设；然而，化石生死模型下的时间校准分析恢复了反映简约拓扑的拓扑。采用传统和现代方法的不同排列的拓扑鲁棒性较低，这表明需要改进当前的 Lissamphibian 起源形态数据集。对陆地两栖类动物颅骨的形态测量分析揭示了德克萨斯州早二叠世的同时代类群中不同颅骨形态的演化。