Considering global warming as a critical challenge to human life, performance optimization of the building envelope can play a noticeable role to reduce a building's environmental footprint. Meanwhile, shading systems are considered as sustainable passive solutions to contribute to building energy efficiency, and daylight control in early-stage design. Nonetheless, a paucity of research has examined the various shading strategies in diverse climates, particularly arid desert and steppe regions, in conjunction with educational buildings. The present study aims to evaluate the role of fixed exterior shading systems (FESSs), and window-to-wall ratio (WWR) on building’ thermal and daylight performance in Iran with desert, semi-arid, and Mediterranean climates. Pareto Frontier and weighted-sum method for multi-objective optimization, and sensitivity analysis were used to study the optimum solutions, and the relationship between the design variables and the performance metrics. Three objective metrics including Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), and Energy Use Intensity (EUI), were defined as performance metrics. Shadings include vertical louver, horizontal louver, light shelf, overhang, and egg-crate. The results showed that EUI was reduced via FESS-integrated façade by 25.22%, 20.84%, 19.14%, 14.06%, and 13.47%, in Yazd, Bushehr, Kerman, Rasht, and Mashhad as selected studied cities, respectively. Based on ASE, the horizontal louver surpasses the other systems by 100% ASE value reduction in all climate zones except for Rasht. sDA level is reduced in all climate zones considering five studied FESSs excluding horizontal louver in Yazd and Rasht and overhang in Mashhad by 100% sDA level. Building energy performance simulation is validated by ASHRAE140-2020.

中文翻译：

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伊朗沙漠、半干旱和地中海气候下学校围护结构能源和日光性能的多目标优化

考虑到全球变暖是对人类生活的重大挑战，建筑围护结构的性能优化可以在减少建筑物的环境足迹方面发挥显着的作用。同时，遮阳系统被认为是可持续的被动解决方案，有助于在早期设计中提高建筑能源效率和日光控制。尽管如此，很少有研究结合教育建筑研究不同气候下的各种遮阳策略，特别是干旱沙漠和草原地区。本研究旨在评估固定外遮阳系统 (FESS) 和窗墙比 (WWR) 对沙漠、半干旱和地中海气候的伊朗建筑热和日光性能的作用。采用帕累托前沿和加权和方法进行多目标优化，并使用敏感性分析来研究最佳解决方案以及设计变量和性能指标之间的关系。包括空间日光自治（sDA）、年度阳光照射（ASE）和能源使用强度（EUI）在内的三个客观指标被定义为绩效指标。阴影包括垂直百叶窗、水平百叶窗、灯架、悬挑和蛋箱。结果显示，在选定的研究城市亚兹德、布什尔、克尔曼、拉什特和马什哈德，通过 FESS 集成外墙，EUI 分别减少了 25.22%、20.84%、19.14%、14.06% 和 13.47%。根据 ASE，水平百叶窗在除拉什特以外的所有气候区中的​​ ASE 值降低了 100%，超过了其他系统。考虑到五个研究的 FESS（不包括亚兹德和拉什特的水平百叶窗以及马什哈德的悬挑），所有气候区的 sDA 水平均降低了 100% sDA 水平。建筑能源性能模拟经过 ASHRAE140-2020 验证。