Sodium-ion batteries are regarded as an affordable alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries in energy storage systems because of their abundant resources and comparable energy storage capabilities. Hard carbon is a prospective anode material to consider for the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries due to its promising electrochemical performance and the possibility of using renewable resources of bio-waste to obtain hard carbon. However, numerous disadvantages, including low initial coulombic efficiency and voltage hysteresis, continue to constrain the use of hard carbon in sodium-ion batteries. Various strategies have been attempted to address these challenges to transfer present promising research opportunities into practical applications. This review provides recent insights on bio-waste-derived hard carbons, which are classified into different types of hard carbon precursors, the effect of carbonization temperature and doping on the physical characteristics, and the variation in the property of hard carbon under different synthetic parameters is directly correlated with sodium storage process. We discuss the associated sodium storage mechanisms in-depth. This work also provides a future perspective on bio-waste-derived hard carbons and the feasibility of their practical utilization in room temperature type low-cost sodium-ion batteries.

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室温钠离子电池生物废弃物硬碳负极的现状及未来展望

钠离子电池因其丰富的资源和可比的储能能力而被认为是储能系统中商用锂离子电池的经济替代品。硬碳由于其良好的电化学性能以及利用生物废物的可再生资源获得硬碳的可能性，是钠离子电池商业化的一种有前景的阳极材料。然而，许多缺点，包括初始库伦效率低和电压滞后，继续限制硬碳在钠离子电池中的使用。人们尝试了各种策略来应对这些挑战，将目前有前景的研究机会转化为实际应用。本综述提供了对生物废物衍生硬碳的最新见解，这些硬碳分为不同类型的硬碳前体、碳化温度和掺杂对物理特性的影响，以及不同合成参数下硬碳性能的变化与钠的储存过程直接相关。我们深入讨论相关的钠储存机制。这项工作还为生物废物衍生的硬碳及其在室温型低成本钠离子电池中实际应用的可行性提供了未来的前景。