The application of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA)-based partial nitrification-anammox (PN-A) for mainstream wastewater treatment has attracted research interest because AOA can maintain higher activity in low-temperature environments and they have higher affinity for oxygen and ammonia–nitrogen compared with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), thus facilitating stabilized nitrite production, deep removal of low-ammonia, and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria suppression. Moreover, the low affinity of AOA for ammonia makes them more tolerant to N-shock loading and more efficiently integrated with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Based on the limitations of the AOB-based PN-A process, this review comprehensively summarizes the potential and significance of AOA for nitrite supply, then gives strategies and influencing factors for replacing AOB with AOA. Additionally, the methods and key influences on the coupling of AOA and anammox are explored. Finally, this review proposes four AOA-based oxygen- or ammonia-limited autotrophic nitritation/denitrification processes to address the low effluent quality and instability of mainstream PN-A processes.

中文翻译：

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主流部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化过程未来发展的潜在方向：氨氧化古菌作为提供亚硝酸盐的新型功能微生物

基于氨氧化古菌（AOA）的部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化（PN-A）在主流废水处理中的应用引起了研究兴趣，因为AOA可以在低温环境下保持较高的活性，并且对氧和氨具有较高的亲和力。与氨氧化菌（AOB）相比，氮含量更高，有利于稳定亚硝酸盐产生，深度去除低氨，抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌。此外，AOA 对氨的低亲和力使其更能耐受 N 冲击负荷，并能更有效地与厌氧氨氧化 (anammox) 结合。基于基于AOB的PN-A工艺的局限性，本文全面总结了AOA用于亚硝酸盐供应的潜力和意义，并给出了用AOA替代AOB的策略和影响因素。此外，还探讨了AOA与厌氧氨氧化耦合的方法和关键影响。最后，本综述提出了四种基于 AOA 的限氧或限氨自养亚硝化/反硝化工艺，以解决主流 PN-A 工艺的出水水质低和不稳定的问题。