Our research aims to assess the complex interactions between the elements that constitute and influence a cave system through the analysis of an extensive dataset of climatic and environmental parameters (Rn, CO, drip rates, chemical composition, and environmental isotopes) measured in air, water, and solid in the Rull Cave (southeastern Spain). Of particular importance is understanding the effect of rainfall and temperature on water and gas transport through the epikarst and the involved processes. Our results show that the cave gaseous concentration patterns do not only depend on the temperature-caused movement of air masses, but they can also be affected by abundant rainfall. The δO and δD composition of cave water also relies on such precipitations for the effective transfer of the rainfall signal into the cave, which can take between 3 and 7 days. The elemental ratios (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) show high responsiveness to the water drip rate, hinting that enhanced prior calcite precipitation (PCP) occurs at slower drip rates. Despite this, and regardless of drip rates, calcite saturation indices follow a seasonal variation pattern inversely proportional to the cave air CO concentration, while δC-DIC is proportional. Our results show how the interlinkage between these multiple components defines the dynamics of the atmosphere-soil-cave system. Cave monitoring is then essential to understand the karstic vadose zone, which is highly sensitive to climatic influence and its changes.

中文翻译：

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地下空气和滴水地球化学对气象因素的响应：鲁尔洞穴（西班牙）的多参数方法

我们的研究旨在通过分析在空气、水中测量的气候和环境参数（Rn、CO、滴水率、化学成分和环境同位素）的广泛数据集，评估构成和影响洞穴系统的元素之间的复杂相互作用，并在鲁尔洞穴（西班牙东南部）坚固。特别重要的是了解降雨和温度对表层岩溶及相关过程中水和气体输送的影响。我们的结果表明，洞穴气体浓度模式不仅取决于温度引起的气团运动，而且还可能受到丰富降雨的影响。洞穴水中的 δ18O 和 δD 组成也依赖于此类降水，以将降雨信号有效传输到洞穴中，这可能需要 3 到 7 天的时间。元素比率（Sr/Ca 和 Mg/Ca）对水滴率显示出高响应性，这表明在较慢的滴水率下会发生增强的先前方解石沉淀 (PCP)。尽管如此，无论滴水率如何，方解石饱和指数遵循季节变化模式，与洞穴空气 CO 浓度成反比，而 δ13C-DIC 则成正比。我们的结果表明，这些多个组成部分之间的相互联系如何定义大气-土壤-洞穴系统的动力学。因此，洞穴监测对于了解喀斯特渗流带至关重要，该区域对气候影响及其变化高度敏感。