Ecotourism, a dynamic force in global tourism, holds promise for conserving the environment while ensuring benefits for local economies. In this study, we developed an ecotourism distribution map of Indonesia. We utilized location-based social networks (LSBNs) data derived from Google Maps API to map 172 ecotourism sites in Indonesia. Furthermore, we investigated the distribution patterns of ecotourism within Indonesia’s protected landscapes and ecoregions. The factors that influenced ecotourism distribution in the region were analyzed using the MaxEnt model (because of its application for presence-only data). The key findings revealed that ecotourism sites are predominantly distributed across national parks and protected forest areas, and generally consist of mountainous and hilly terrain according to the ecoregion types. The MaxEnt model results indicated that population density was the most influential factor in ecotourism distribution. The significance of our study lies in its methodologies and results, which offered novel approaches to nationwide mapping and addressed the lack of an ecotourism site map of Indonesia. Notably, the proposed model can be customized for other regions with limited ecotourism data; thus, our study can serve as a foundation for future interdisciplinary studies on ecotourism, sustainability, and landscape planning.

中文翻译：

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了解印度尼西亚生态旅游的空间分布及其与受保护景观的相关性

生态旅游是全球旅游业的一股活力，有望在保护环境的同时确保当地经济的利益。在这项研究中，我们绘制了印度尼西亚的生态旅游分布图。我们利用源自 Google 地图 API 的基于位置的社交网络 (LSBN) 数据绘制了印度尼西亚 172 个生态旅游景点的地图。此外，我们还调查了印度尼西亚受保护的景观和生态区内生态旅游的分布模式。使用MaxEnt模型（因为其仅适用于存在数据）分析了影响该地区生态旅游分布的因素。主要调查结果显示，生态旅游地点主要分布在国家公园和森林保护区，根据生态区类型，通常由山地和丘陵地形组成。MaxEnt模型结果表明，人口密度是对生态旅游分布影响最大的因素。我们研究的意义在于其方法和结果，它为全国制图提供了新颖的方法，并解决了印度尼西亚缺乏生态旅游站点地图的问题。值得注意的是，所提出的模型可以针对生态旅游数据有限的其他地区进行定制；因此，我们的研究可以作为未来生态旅游、可持续性和景观规划跨学科研究的基础。