In environments characterized by extended multi-stress conditions, pathogens develop a variety of immune escape mechanisms to enhance their ability to infect the host. The capsules, polymers that bacteria secrete near their cell wall, participates in numerous bacterial life processes and plays a crucial role in resisting host immune attacks and adapting to their niche. Here, we discuss the relationship between capsules and bacterial virulence, summarizing the molecular mechanisms of capsular regulation and pathogenesis to provide new insights into the research on the pathogenesis of pathogenic bacteria.

中文翻译：

---

细菌荚膜：发生、机制和功能

在以长期多重应激条件为特征的环境中，病原体会发展出多种免疫逃逸机制，以增强其感染宿主的能力。胶囊是细菌在细胞壁附近分泌的聚合物，参与许多细菌生命过程，在抵抗宿主免疫攻击和适应其生态位方面发挥着至关重要的作用。在此，我们讨论荚膜与细菌毒力的关系，总结荚膜调节和致病的分子机制，为病原菌发病机制的研究提供新的见解。