Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to be capable of non-shivering thermogenesis under cold stimulation, which is related to the mortality of animals. In the previous study, we observed that goat BAT is mainly located around the kidney at birth, and changes to white adipose tissue (WAT) in the perirenal adipose tissue of goats within one month after birth. However, the regulatory factors underlying this change is remain unclear. In this study, we systematically studied the perirenal adipose tissue of goat kids in histological, cytological, and accompanying molecular level changes from 0 to 28 d after birth. Our study found a higher mortality rate in winter-born goat kids, with goat birthing data statistics. Then we used thermal imaging revealing high temperature in goat hips at postnatal 0 d and gradually decrease during 28 d. This is consistent with the region of perirenal BAT deposition and highlights its critical role in energy expenditure and body temperature regulation in goat kids. Additionally, we found a series of changes of BAT during the first 28 d after birth, such as whitening, larger lipid droplets, decreased mitochondrial numbers, and down-regulation of key thermogenesis-related genes (UCP1, DIO2, UCP2, CIDEA, PPARGC1a, C/EBPb, and C/EBPa). Then, we used RNA-seq found specific marker genes for goat adipose tissue and identified 12 new marker genes for BAT and 10 new marker genes for WAT of goats. Furthermore, 12 candidate genes were found to potentially regulate goat BAT thermogenesis. The mechanism of the change of this biological phenomenon does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes. While apoptosis may play a limited role, it is largely not critical in this transition process. We concluded that perirenal BAT plays a crucial role in thermoregulation in newborn goat kids, with notable species differences in the expression of adipose tissue marker genes, and we highlighted some potential marker genes for goat BAT and WAT. Additionally, the change from BAT to WAT does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.

中文翻译：

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山羊肾周棕色脂肪组织美白的整体基因表达谱揭示了与脂肪重塑相关的新基因

已知棕色脂肪组织（BAT）在冷刺激下能够进行非颤抖产热，这与动物的死亡率有关。在前期研究中，我们观察到山羊出生时BAT主要位于肾脏周围，并在出生后1个月内转变为山羊肾周脂肪组织中的白色脂肪组织（WAT）。然而，这一变化背后的监管因素仍不清楚。在本研究中，我们系统地研究了山羊幼崽肾周脂肪组织在出生后0至28天的组织学、细胞学和分子水平的变化。我们的研究发现，通过山羊分娩数据统计，冬季出生的山羊孩子死亡率较高。然后我们使用热成像显示山羊臀部在出生后0天时温度较高，并在28天期间逐渐下降。这与肾周 BAT 沉积区域一致，并强调了其在山羊幼崽的能量消耗和体温调节中的关键作用。此外，我们还发现出生后28天内BAT发生一系列变化，例如变白、脂滴变大、线粒体数量减少以及关键生热相关基因（UCP1、DIO2、UCP2、CIDEA、PPARGC1a）下调、C/EBPb 和 C/EBPa)。然后，我们利用RNA-seq找到了山羊脂肪组织的特异性标记基因，并鉴定了山羊BAT的12个新的标记基因和WAT的10个新的标记基因。此外，还发现 12 个候选基因可能调节山羊 BAT 产热作用。这种生物现象的变化机制并不涉及棕色脂肪细胞的大规模死亡和随后的白色脂肪细胞的增殖。虽然细胞凋亡可能发挥有限的作用，但它在这一转变过程中很大程度上并不重要。我们得出结论，肾周 BAT 在新生山羊的体温调节中发挥着至关重要的作用，脂肪组织标记基因的表达存在显着的物种差异，并且我们强调了山羊 BAT 和 WAT 的一些潜在标记基因。此外，从BAT到WAT的转变并不涉及棕色脂肪细胞的大规模死亡和随后的白色脂肪细胞的增殖。