The influence dishware size has on meal energy intake is unclear and no study to date has examined the impact on total daily energy intake. In a pre-registered RCT we investigate the impact of breakfast dishware size on breakfast and post-breakfast energy intake, as well as daily energy intake and hunger/fullness. In a repeated-measures design, 50 females (aged 18–77 years) were randomised to receive smaller or larger breakfast dishware on two separate days. Energy intake was also measured during the rest of the day. The primary outcomes were breakfast and post-breakfast energy intake (kcal). Secondary outcomes were total daily energy intake (kcal), and hunger/fullness (rated from 0 to 100). We examined if results differed by socioeconomic position (SEP). Dishware did not affect energy intake at breakfast (smaller: M = 394.8 kcal; SD = 172.2 larger: M = 394.4 kcal; SD = 164.4; d = 0.003, p = 0.98), and there was no statistically significant evidence that dishware size affected energy intake after breakfast, though post-breakfast energy intake was somewhat higher after using larger breakfast dishware (smaller: M = 1974.6 kcal; SD = 475.2; larger: M = 2077.5 kcal; SD = 525.9; d = −0.27, p = 0.06). Total daily energy intake, hunger and fullness ratings did not significantly differ between dishware conditions. There was no evidence that SEP moderated the effect of dishware size on energy intake. Smaller vs. larger breakfast dishware size had no significant effect on breakfast or post-breakfast energy intake, hunger, fullness, or daily energy intake. Previous studies may have overestimated the promise of dishware size as an intervention for reducing energy intake. Alternative interventions targeting the food environment should now be prioritised.

中文翻译：

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餐具尺寸对成年女性能量摄入的影响：一项随机对照试验，研究对餐内和餐后能量摄入的影响

餐具尺寸对膳食能量摄入的影响尚不清楚，迄今为止还没有研究检验其对每日总能量摄入的影响。在预先注册的随机对照试验中，我们研究了早餐餐具尺寸对早餐和早餐后能量摄入以及每日能量摄入和饥饿/饱腹感的影响。在重复测量设计中，50 名女性（年龄 18-77 岁）被随机分配在两天内接受较小或较大的早餐餐具。还测量了当天剩余时间的能量摄入量。主要结果是早餐和早餐后能量摄入量（千卡）。次要结果是每日总能量摄入量（千卡）和饥饿/饱腹感（评分从 0 到 100）。我们检查了结果是否因社会经济地位（SEP）而异。餐具不影响早餐时的能量摄入（较小：M = 394.8 kcal；SD = 172.2；较大：M = 394.4 kcal；SD = 164.4；d = 0.003，p = 0.98），并且没有统计上显着的证据表明餐具尺寸会影响早餐后的能量摄入量，尽管使用较大的早餐餐具后早餐后的能量摄入量略高（较小：M = 1974.6 kcal；SD = 475.2；较大：M = 2077.5 kcal；SD = 525.9；d = -0.27，p = 0.06 ）。每日总能量摄入量、饥饿度和饱腹感等级在餐具条件之间没有显着差异。没有证据表明 SEP 可以调节餐具尺寸对能量摄入的影响。较小与较大的早餐餐具尺寸对早餐或早餐后能量摄入、饥饿感、饱腹感或每日能量摄入没有显着影响。之前的研究可能高估了餐具尺寸作为减少能量摄入干预措施的前景。现在应优先考虑针对食品环境的替代干预措施。