Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is related to increased incidence and mortality due to chronic diseases in adults. Association between SES variables and gut microbiome variation has been observed in adults at the population level, suggesting that biological mechanisms may underlie the SES associations; however, there is a need for larger studies that consider individual- and neighborhood-level measures of SES in racially diverse populations. In 825 participants from a multi-ethnic cohort, we investigated how SES shapes the gut microbiome. We determined the relationship of a range of individual- and neighborhood-level SES indicators with the gut microbiome. Individual education level and occupation were self-reported by questionnaire. Geocoding was applied to link participants’ addresses with neighborhood census tract socioeconomic indicators, including average income and social deprivation in the census tract. Gut microbiome was measured using 16SV4 region rRNA gene sequencing of stool samples. We compared α-diversity, β-diversity, and taxonomic and functional pathway abundance by SES. Lower SES was significantly associated with greater α-diversity and compositional differences among groups, as measured by β-diversity. Several taxa related to low SES were identified, especially an increasing abundance of Prevotella copri and Catenibacterium sp000437715, and decreasing abundance of Dysosmobacter welbionis in terms of their high log-fold change differences. In addition, nativity and race/ethnicity have emerged as ecosocial factors that also influence the gut microbiota. Together, these results showed that lower SES was strongly associated with compositional and taxonomic measures of the gut microbiome, and may contribute to shaping the gut microbiota.

较低的社会经济地位（SES）与成人慢性病的发病率和死亡率增加有关。在人群水平的成年人中观察到 SES 变量与肠道微生物组变异之间的关联，这表明生物学机制可能是 SES 关联的基础；然而，需要进行更大规模的研究，考虑不同种族人群中个人和社区层面的社会经济地位衡量标准。我们在来自多种族队列的 825 名参与者中研究了 SES 如何塑造肠道微生物组。我们确定了一系列个人和社区层面的 SES 指标与肠道微生物组的关系。通过问卷调查的方式自我报告个人受教育程度和职业。应用地理编码将参与者的地址与社区人口普查区的社会经济指标联系起来，包括人口普查区的平均收入和社会剥夺情况。使用粪便样本的 16SV4 区域 rRNA 基因测序来测量肠道微生物组。我们通过 SES 比较了 α 多样性、β 多样性以及分类和功能途径丰度。较低的 SES 与较大的 α 多样性和组间组成差异显着相关（通过 β 多样性衡量）。确定了与低SES相关的几个分类单元，特别是普雷沃菌（Prevotella copri）和链状杆菌（Catenibacter sp000437715）丰度增加，而Dysosmobacter welbionis丰度减少（就其高对数倍变化差异而言）。此外，出生地和种族/民族已成为影响肠道微生物群的生态社会因素。总之，这些结果表明，较低的 SES 与肠道微生物组的组成和分类学指标密切相关，并且可能有助于塑造肠道微生物群。