Unlike the pre-industrial practice of winter navigation in the Mediterranean Sea, which has been the subject of numerous studies, winter seafaring on the medieval Black Sea has not previously been the subject of thorough scholarly investigation, not least because the available sources are relatively few and fairly circumstantial. Being aware of the limitations of the present survey, the author attempts to gather together and reinterpret several instances dating from the period of the Byzantine and Italian domination over the Black Sea, which can shed some light on the seamen's often complicated relation with the winter season. The majority of the extant sources date from the last two centuries of the Middle Ages, an era that witnessed substantial technological developments which contributed to the amelioration of winter navigation. This study chiefly aims to highlight the unresolved issues and address the challenges that such a topic of inquiry presents.

中文翻译：

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中世纪黑海的冬季航行问题

与工业化前的地中海冬季航行实践不同，中世纪黑海的冬季航海此前并未成为深入学术研究的主题，尤其是因为可用来源相对较少。并且相当客观。意识到当前调查的局限性，作者试图收集并重新解释拜占庭和意大利统治黑海时期的几个实例，这可以揭示海员与冬季的复杂关系。现存的大部分资料都可以追溯到中世纪的最后两个世纪，这个时代见证了技术的巨大发展，为改善冬季导航做出了贡献。本研究的主要目的是强调尚未解决的问题并解决此类调查主题带来的挑战。