The use of next-generation probiotics (NGP) in pigs for combating diseases has been subject to limited research. Here we explored the potential of a well-known NGP candidate targeting pig gut health. In the first screening experiment, we found that the abundance of peaked at 14 d old but decreased at weaning (21 d old; < 0.05), suggesting the weaning period may be an effective window for intervention. Following that, 48 crossbred weaned pigs at 28 d old were randomly assigned to five groups: control (CON), high/low live (HA/LA), and high/low heat-killed (HIA/LIA). From 1 to 28 d old, the CON group received gastric infusion of anaerobic sterile saline every other day; the HA and LA groups were gavaged every other day with 1 × 10 CFU/5 mL and 5 × 10 CFU/5 mL live , respectively; and the HIA, and LIA groups were gavaged every other day with 1 × 10 CFU/5 mL and 5 × 10 CFU/5 mL heat-killed , respectively. At d 29, pigs in the CON group were randomly and equally divided into two groups, one of which was named the enterotoxigenic (ETEC) group, and all groups except CON received a 5-d ETEC challenge. The supplementation of numerically reduced the diarrhea rate of weaned pigs compared to the pigs that only received the ETEC challenge ( = 0.57), but the LIA group had a higher diarrhea rate than the CON group ( < 0.05). Consistent with this, the supplementation of improved the small intestinal morphology and structure, proportion of CD4 T lymphocytes in the blood, as well as the expression of genes related to intestinal barrier and antioxidant indices of pigs with ETEC challenge, especially for the LA group ( < 0.05). Meanwhile, supplementation reduced the expression of ETEC virulence factor genes in the ileum and colon of pigs challenged by ETEC ( < 0.05). Therefore, may protect the intestinal health of weaned piglets from damage caused by ETEC infection, but the effect may vary depending on the concentration and activity of .

中文翻译：

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针对断奶仔猪肠道健康的下一代益生菌候选物：活的和热灭活的Akkermansia muciniphila均可预防肠道中产肠毒素大肠杆菌引起的病理变化

在猪中使用下一代益生菌（NGP）来对抗疾病的研究还很有限。在这里，我们探索了一种针对猪肠道健康的著名 NGP 候选药物的潜力。在第一个筛选实验中，我们发现丰度在14日龄时达到峰值，但在断奶时下降（21日龄；<0.05），表明断奶期可能是干预的有效窗口。随后，将 48 头 28 日龄杂交断奶猪随机分为 5 组：对照组（CON）、高/低活率组（HA/LA）和高/低热宰杀组（HIA/LIA）。CON组从1日龄至28日龄，隔日灌胃厌氧无菌生理盐水；HA组和LA组分别每隔一天灌胃1×10CFU/5mL和5×10CFU/5mL活菌。HIA组、LIA组隔日分别灌胃1×10 CFU/5 mL和5×10 CFU/5 mL热灭活菌。第29天，CON组猪被随机等分为两组，其中一组被命名为产肠毒素（ETEC）组，除CON外的所有组均接受5天的ETEC攻击。与仅接受 ETEC 攻击的猪相比，补充 数值上降低了断奶仔猪的腹泻率 (= 0.57)，但 LIA 组的腹泻率高于 CON 组 (< 0.05)。与此相一致的是，补充ETEC改善了ETEC攻击猪的小肠形态和结构、血液中CD4 T淋巴细胞的比例以及肠屏障相关基因的表达和抗氧化指数，尤其是LA组（ < 0.05）。同时，补充剂降低了受 ETEC 攻击的猪的回肠和结肠中 ETEC 毒力因子基因的表达（<0.05）。因此，可以保护断奶仔猪的肠道健康免受ETEC感染造成的损害，但效果可能会因ETEC的浓度和活性而异。