This study explores cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by five arid watersheds of south-eastern Spain using the image social network Flickr. A total of 652 georeferenced photos were selected, uploaded by 174 authors. The most representative CES in each photo was identified. The relationships between the identified CES and the landscape elements and land uses represented by photos, as well as the CES associated with the protected areas of the study watersheds were examined by statistical and descriptive analyses. The results revealed that the CES most represented were aesthetic associated with water bodies, shrubs, native flora, trees and mountains; existence value with native fauna; inspiration associated with rocks and snow; and sense of place with natural and anthropised landscapes. Significant differences in aesthetic and existence value were found between photographs taken inside and outside protected areas. The use of photographs uploaded to social media in dryland is useful for exploring the landscape elements of greatest interest to citizens (e.g., landscapes, biodiversity) and some CES (e.g., aesthetic). However, other CES such as existential or inspirational value may be biased by subjective criteria of the researcher and due to the socio-cultural profile of the people who upload photographs to these networks.

中文翻译：

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探索干旱流域的文化生态系统服务：社交媒体分析

本研究利用图像社交网络 Flickr 探讨了西班牙东南部五个干旱流域提供的文化生态系统服务 (CES)。共有 652 张地理参考照片被选中，由 174 位作者上传。每张照片中最具代表性的CES都被识别出来。通过统计和描述性分析，检查了确定的 CES 与照片所代表的景观要素和土地利用之间的关系，以及与研究流域保护区相关的 CES。结果显示，最具代表性的 CES 是与水体、灌木、本土植物、树木和山脉相关的美学；与本土动物群的存在价值；与岩石和雪相关的灵感；以及对自然和人造景观的地方感。保护区内外拍摄的照片在审美和存在价值上存在显着差异。在旱地使用上传到社交媒体的照片对于探索公民最感兴趣的景观元素（例如景观、生物多样性）和一些CES（例如美学）很有用。然而，其他 CES，例如存在主义或鼓舞人心的价值，可能会因研究人员的主观标准以及将照片上传到这些网络的人的社会文化背景而产生偏差。